Topical therapy for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) and cervical cancer using nanoparticles of taxanes

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods useful for the topical therapeutic treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and/or cervical cancer using compositions containing nanoparticles of paclitaxel or other taxanes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/643,861, filed Mar. 16, 2018. The contents of the referencedapplication are incorporated into the present application by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the field of topicaltherapeutic treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) andcervical cancer. In particular, the invention relates to the use oftopical compositions comprising taxane nanoparticles for treatment ofCIN and cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervicaldysplasia, is a premalignant (precancerous) condition characterized byabnormal cells/cell growths (lesions) on the surface of the cervix(cervical epithelium) including the ectocervix, the squamocolumnarjunction of the cervix, and/or the endocervix. The Human Papillomavirus(HPV) is usually the cause for CIN. CIN lesions can be detected bycytologic diagnosis (e.g., Pap smear), colposcopy, and/or histologicalassessment of a cervical biopsy. After initial detection with acytologic diagnosis such as an abnormal Pap smear, further diagnosis andgrading of CIN is accomplished with colposcopy and/or histologicalassessment of a cervical biopsy. CIN is generally classified into threehistological classifications: CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3. CIN 1 isconsidered low-grade CIN. CIN 2 and CIN 3 are considered high-grade CIN.An additional histological classification is CIN 2/3, which is acombination of CIN 2 and CIN 3 and has features of both CIN 2 and CIN 3.CIN 2/3 is considered high-grade CIN. The criteria for the histologicalclassification of CIN is as follows:

CIN 1: Mild dysplasia or mild dyskaryosis. Good maturation of cellsthrough the depth of the cervical epithelium, with minimal nuclearabnormalities and few mitotic figures. Undifferentiated cells areconfined to the deeper/lower third of the epithelium. Mitotic figuresare not very numerous. Cytopathic changes due to HPV infection may beobserved in the full thickness of the epithelium.

CIN 2: Moderate dysplasia or moderate dyskaryosis. Dysplastic changesmostly restricted to the lower half or two-thirds of the epithelium,with more marked nuclear abnormalities than CIN 1.

Mitotic figures are seen through the lower half of the epithelium.

CIN 3: Severe dysplasia or severe dyskaryosis. Differentiation andstratification may be totally absent or present only in the superficialquarter of the epithelium with numerous mitotic figures. Nuclearabnormalities extend throughout the thickness of the epithelium. Manymitotic figures have abnormal forms.

The histological classifications of CIN corresponds to two cytologicclassifications as follows: CIN 1 corresponds to low-grade squamousintraepithelial lesions (LSIL); and CIN 2 and CIN 3, as well as CIN 2/3,correspond to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL).

Left untreated, CIN can progress to invasive cervical cancer. The vastmajority of low-grade CIN (CIN 1) resolves in less than two yearswithout medical intervention; approximately 20% of CIN 2 will progressto CIN 3; and 4-5% of CIN 3 will progress to invasive cancer (Petry,Management options for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Best PractRes Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 October; 25(5):641-51; and Insinga et.al., Epidemiologic natural history and clinical management of humanpapillomavirus (HPV) disease: A critical and systematic review of theliterature in the development of an HPV dynamic transmission model. BMCInfectious Disease. 2009; 9:119).

Given the association between CIN and cervical cancer, and the potentialfor metastases and death from cervical cancer, most women withhigh-grade CIN (CIN 2 and/or CIN 3) and in some cases, persistentlow-grade CIN (CIN 1), receive treatment. High-grade CIN is mostfrequently treated with either cryotherapy, loop electrosurgicalexcision procedure (LEEP), or cold knife conization (CKC) (Santesso et.al., Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of benefits and harms ofcryotherapy, LEEP, and cold knife conization to treat cervicalintraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2016; 132:266-271).These treatments have a high cure rate for CIN; however, they areassociated with immediate adverse events such as bleeding or pain, aswell as long-term concerns such as infertility, miscarriage andpremature delivery (Santesso et al., 2016; and de Witte et. al.,Imiquimod in cervical, vaginal and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: Areview. Gynecol Oncol. 2015; 139:377-384). Imiquimod topically appliedto the extocervix has demonstrated some efficacy in the treatment ofhigh-grade CIN and was generally well-tolerated despite frequent adverseeffects such as vaginal discharge, vulvar pain, fever, headache, andfatigue. Also, imiquimod can cause local irritation and reactions toskin and other epithelial tissues. US publication 2013/0211384 disclosesmethods for local delivery of TAXOL to the cervix for the treatment ofCIN using a multicomponent implantable medical device having a drugdelivery portion which comes into contact with the cervix. However, theimplantable device must remain in the cervix for lengthy periods andwould create discomfort. Topical formulations are disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 9,056,137 for the treatment of CIN. The formulations are designed tobe solid at room-temperature that melt into flowable compositions inresponse to physiological temperatures. For instance, a solid rod-shapedformulation was inserted into a cervical canal of a mouse in theexamples, which then transformed into a gel-like formulation in situ.The solid-phase formulations in the '137 Patent can include achemotherapeutic agent, propylene glycol, the penetration enhancerlaurocapram (AZONE), and poloxamers. The compositions are designed fortransdermal and transmucosal delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent.Local irritation could occur with laurocapram as edema and erythema havebeen observed with laurocapram in a Draize rabbit skin test model (Okabeet. al., Percutaneous absorption enhancing effect and skin irritation ofmonocyclic monoterpenes, Drug Des Deliv, 1990 September; 6(3)229-38).Thus, there is a significant unmet need for an effective treatment ofCIN without pain and low to negligible local irritation or reactions.

Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas,however, less common types of cervical cancer include melanoma, sarcoma,and lymphoma. Cervical cancer is staged using the TNM system. Once theTNM scores have been determined, the overall cervical cancer stage isassigned as follows: stage I (stage 1 cervical cancer): stage IA1, IA2,IB1, IB2; stage II (stage 2 cervical cancer): stage IIA, IIB; stage III(stage 3 cervical cancer): stage IIIA, IIIB; stage IV (stage 4 cervicalcancer): stage IVA, IVB. Current cervical cancer treatments includesurgery (cryosurgery, laser surgery, conization, hysterectomy,trachelectomy, pelvic exenteration), radiation therapy, immunotherapy,IV chemotherapy, and targeted therapy with bevacizumab. Surgical andradiation treatments can have undesirable side effects such as pain andbleeding. Side effects of immunotherapy, IV chemotherapy and targetedtherapy can be systemic toxicities such as nausea, vomiting, loss ofappetite, hair loss, mouth sores, and fatigue.

Delivery of therapeutic drugs into lesions of the skin and otherepithelial tissues can be a challenge due to the barrier properties ofthe stratum corneum of the skin as well as a thickened epithelium andfibrous growths in lesions of epithelial tissue. The delivery of poorlywater soluble drugs into these tissues can be even more of a challenge.Skin penetration enhancers, such as laurocapram (AZONE), diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (DGME or TRANSCUTOL), and isopropyl myristate,have been employed in topical drug formulations to increase thepenetration of drugs into the skin and vaginal/cervical epithelialtissues have had some success. However, some penetration enhancers suchas solvents and surfactants can be irritating to the skin andvaginal/cervical epithelium. Volatile silicone fluids have been employedin topical formulations to increase the penetration of drugs into theskin; however, high concentrations of volatile silicone fluids, i.e.,25% and greater, and/or combinations of volatile silicone fluids withother potential skin irritating compounds such as alcohols, e.g., C₁ toC₄ aliphatic alcohols, surfactants, other penetration enhancers, andother volatile solvents have been needed to produce the penetrationenhancement effect. Additionally, some penetration enhancers will causethe drug to penetrate transdermally or transport through otherepithelial tissues and be systemically absorbed, which is not desirablewhen only treating a condition of the skin or other epithelial tissues,such as lesions. Other topical delivery systems have been employed wherethe drug is chemically modified with surfactants, polymers, and othersubstances, but these materials can also be irritating to the skin andvaginal/cervical epithelial tissues.

Taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, have been used for thetreatment of cancer for many years. These compounds are typicallycharacterized as being poorly water soluble. The cancer treatmentformulation initially developed for intravenous (IV) infusion injection,TAXOL® (BMS), is paclitaxel dissolved in a 50:50 v/v mixture ofpolyethoxylated castor oil (CREMOPHOR® EL) and dehydrated ethanol.However, the systemic use of this formulation results in significantclinical toxicity (Rowinsky et al. 1993). Substantial effort has beendevoted to the development of CREMOPHOR EL-free formulations ofpaclitaxel for systemic use (Ma and Mumper, 2013). One such formulationis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,221,779, herein incorporated byreference, which discloses injectable aqueous compositions ofantimitotic drug microparticles, including paclitaxel, useful for thetreatment of cancers by intraperitoneal and intravenous (IV) injectionof the compositions. Currently, there are no FDA approved topical taxaneformulations for the treatment of CIN or cervical cancer in the U.S.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides solutions to the aforementionedlimitations and deficiencies in the art relating to the treatment ofcervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and/or cervical cancer.Disclosed is a topical therapy that utilizes a topical composition withenhanced penetration for the delivery of taxane nanoparticles to the CINand/or cervical cancer providing effective treatment with low tonegligible local irritation. In certain instances, the treatment methodsof the present invention can be used without the need to combine themwith other known therapies such as those discussed above.

In one aspect of the invention, disclosed is a method of treatingcervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and/or cervical cancer in asubject in need of treatment, the method comprising topicallyadministering (topically applying) to an affected area of the subject acomposition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles, therebytreating the CIN and/or cervical cancer. The “affected area” of CIN orcervical cancer includes the area of the cervical epithelium includingthe ectocervix, squamocolumnar junction, and/or endocervix where one ormore CIN lesions or cervical cancer tumors are detectable by cytologicdiagnosis (e.g., Pap smear), colposcopy, and/or histological assessmentof a cervical biopsy. The affected area can include areas of thecervical epithelium in the proximity of the one or more lesions ortumors likely to contain undetectable preclinical lesions. In someembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are suspended within thecomposition. In other embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles have a meanparticle size (number) from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.1microns to less than 1 micron. In various embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, orcabazitaxel nanoparticles, or any combination of such nanoparticles. Insome embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles.In some embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have a specificsurface area (SSA) of at least 18 m²/g, or from 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g. Theconcentration of the taxane nanoparticles in the compositions is at aconcentration effective to provide a therapeutic improvement (treatment)in the CIN and/or cervical cancer. In some embodiments, the effectiveconcentration of the taxane nanoparticles or paclitaxel nanoparticles isabout 0.15 to about 5% w/w. In some embodiments, the composition isanhydrous. In some embodiments, the composition is a hydrophobiccomposition and can comprise a hydrophobic carrier. In still otherembodiments, the hydrophobic carrier is non-volatile and/or isnon-polar. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier comprises ahydrocarbon which can be petrolatum, mineral oil, or paraffin wax, ormixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavy mineraloil. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier is greater than 50%w/w of the composition. The hydrophobic composition can further compriseone or more volatile silicone fluids. In some embodiments, the volatilesilicone fluid is at a concentration of 5 to 24% w/w of the compositionand can be cyclomethicone. In some embodiments, the cyclomethicone iscyclopentasiloxane. In various embodiments, the composition is asemi-solid composition and can be an ointment. In various embodiments,the composition does not contain volatile C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols orC₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols, and/or does not contain additional penetrationenhancers, and/or does not contain laurocapram, and/or does not containdiethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and/or does not contain isopropylmyristate, and/or does not contain alpha tocopherol, and/or does notcontain additional volatile solvents, and/or does not containsurfactants, and/or does not contain a protein or albumin, and/or doesnot contain hyaluronic acid, and/or does not contain a conjugate ofhyaluronic acid and a taxane, and/or does not contain a conjugate ofhyaluronic acid and paclitaxel, and/or does not contain a polymer orcopolymer.

In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 1. In some embodiments, the CIN isCIN 2. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 3. In some embodiments, theCIN is CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN2/3. In some embodiments, the cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinomaor adenocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the cervical cancer is stage I,II, III, or IV cervical cancer.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises placing a cervical capover the cervix after administration of the composition to the affectedarea. In other embodiments, the method does not include placing acervical cap over the cervix after administration of the composition tothe affected area.

In another aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a method ofenhancing penetration of taxane nanoparticles into a CIN or cervicalcancer of a subject, the method comprising topically applying to theaffected area a hydrophobic composition comprising a continuoushydrophobic carrier, one or more volatile silicone fluids, and aplurality of taxane nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the composition. In otherembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles have a mean particle size (number)from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.1 microns to less than 1micron. In various embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxelnanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles, orany combinations of such nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles. In some embodiments, thepaclitaxel nanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least18 m²/g, or from 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g. In some embodiments, theconcentration of the taxane nanoparticles or paclitaxel nanoparticles isabout 0.15 to about 2% w/w. In some embodiments, the composition isanhydrous. In some embodiments, the composition is a hydrophobiccomposition and can comprise a hydrophobic carrier. In still otherembodiments, the hydrophobic carrier is non-volatile and/or isnon-polar. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier comprises ahydrocarbon which can be petrolatum, mineral oil, or paraffin wax, ormixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavy mineraloil. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier is greater than 50%w/w of the composition. The hydrophobic composition can further compriseone or more volatile silicone fluids. In some embodiments, the volatilesilicone fluid is at a concentration of 5 to 24% w/w of the compositionand can be cyclomethicone. In some embodiments, the cyclomethicone iscyclopentasiloxane. In various embodiments, the composition can beflowable or spreadable when being applied to the affected area. In someaspects, the composition can be a semi-solid composition and/or can bean ointment and can have a viscosity of 25,000 cps to 500,000 cps asmeasured with a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with thehelipath on, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45seconds. In various embodiments, the composition does not containvolatile C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols, and/ordoes not contain additional penetration enhancers, and/or does notcontain laurocapram, and/or does not contain diethylene glycol monoethylether, and/or does not contain isopropyl myristate, and/or does notcontain alpha tocopherol, and/or does not contain additional volatilesolvents, and/or does not contain surfactants, and/or does not contain aprotein or albumin, and/or does not contain hyaluronic acid, and/or doesnot contain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and a taxane, and/or does notcontain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and paclitaxel, and/or does notcontain a polymer or copolymer.

In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 1. In some embodiments, the CIN isCIN 2. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 3. In some embodiments, theCIN is CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN2/3. In some embodiments, the cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinomaor adenocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the cervical cancer is stage I,II, III, or IV cervical cancer.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises placing a cervical capover the cervix after application of the hydrophobic composition to theaffected area. In other embodiments, the method does not include placinga cervical cap over the cervix after administration of the compositionto the affected area. In some embodiments, the penetration of the taxanenanoparticles from the hydrophobic composition into the CIN or cervicalcancer is greater than the penetration of taxane nanoparticles into theCIN or cervical cancer from topically applying a hydrophobic compositionthat comprises a plurality of taxane nanoparticles and that does notcontain one or more volatile silicone fluids.

In another aspect of the inventions, disclosed is a method of enhancingpenetration of taxane nanoparticles into a CIN or cervical cancer of asubject, the method comprising topically applying a hydrophobiccomposition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles to theaffected area, wherein the penetration of the taxane nanoparticles fromthe hydrophobic composition into the CIN or cervical cancer is greaterthan the penetration of taxane nanoparticles into the CIN or cervicalcancer from topically applying an aqueous based composition comprising aplurality of taxane nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns to 1.5microns, or from 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron. In some embodiments,taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles, or any combination of suchnanoparticles. In some embodiments, hydrophobic composition furthercomprises a hydrophobic carrier. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 1.In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2. In some embodiments, the CIN isCIN 3. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, theCIN is CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, the cervicalcancer is squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. In someembodiments, the cervical cancer is stage I, II, III, or IV cervicalcancer.

As disclosed in international application PCT/US16/52133 hereinincorporated by reference, it was found that hydrophobic compositions ofthe present invention having a volatile silicone fluid at concentrationsless than 25% w/w in combination with an anhydrous hydrophobic carrierexhibited greater skin penetration (i.e., penetration into the epidermaland dermal portions of the skin) of taxane nanoparticles as compared tothe skin penetration of taxane nanoparticles from the hydrophobiccarrier alone. Surprisingly, it was also discovered that, other than thelow amounts of volatile silicone fluid (less than 25 w/w %), theaddition of other skin penetration enhancers to the hydrophobiccompositions had little or no effect on the skin penetration of thecompositions. Therefore, the compositions of the present invention canbe free of (do not have to include) these additional skin penetrationenhancers (e.g., surfactants, volatile solvents, alcohols, C₁-C₄aliphatic alcohols or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols), which can be helpful inreducing skin or local irritation when the compositions of the presentinvention are applied to the skin or vaginal/cervical epithelialtissues. Even more surprising is that the enhanced penetration wasaccomplished with low concentrations of cyclomethicone, i.e., less than25% w/w. Additionally, the taxane nanoparticles are not transdermallydelivered or are not transported through vaginal/cervical epithelialtissue with these compositions initially after administration, which isa favorable feature because transdermal delivery or delivery throughepithelial tissue (systemic absorption) is not desired when treating theskin (epidermis and dermis) or other epithelial tissues. Furthermore,the skin penetration (i.e., penetration into the dermal or epidermalportions of the skin) of taxane nanoparticles from the compositions ofthe present invention was far superior to the skin penetration of taxanenanoparticles from aqueous based compositions, even though the aqueousbased compositions contained a skin penetration enhancer. Additionally,it was found that the taxane nanoparticles were stable and did notexhibit crystal grow over time in the hydrophobic compositions of thepresent invention.

Hydrophobic compositions which comprise nanoparticles of a taxane, e.g.,paclitaxel, and a volatile silicone fluid in combination with ahydrophobic carrier, are especially suitable for the topical treatmentof CIN and/or cervical cancer because of the aforementioned enhancedpenetration properties of these compositions. The hydrophobic carriercan be the continuous phase of the composition with the nanoparticlessuspended therein.

Also, disclosed in the context of the present invention are thefollowing embodiments 1 to 80:

Embodiment 1 is a method of treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) or cervical cancer in a subject in need of treatment, the methodcomprising topically administering to an affected area of the subject acomposition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles, therebytreating the CIN and/or cervical cancer.

Embodiment 2 is the method of embodiment 1, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the composition.

Embodiment 3 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, wherein thetaxane nanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 micronsto 1.5 microns.

Embodiment 4 is the method of embodiment 3, wherein the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns toless than 1 micron.

Embodiment 5 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein thetaxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles.

Embodiment 6 is the method of embodiment 5, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles.

Embodiment 7 is the method of embodiment 6, wherein the paclitaxelnanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m²/g.

Embodiment 8 is the method of embodiment 7, wherein the paclitaxelnanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g.

Embodiment 9 is the method of any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein theconcentration of the taxane nanoparticles is at a concentrationeffective to provide a therapeutic improvement of the CIN or cervicalcancer.

Embodiment 10 is the method of embodiment 9, wherein the concentrationof the paclitaxel nanoparticles is about 0.15 to about 2% w/w.

Embodiment 11 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, whereinthe composition is anhydrous.

Embodiment 12 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, whereinthe composition is a hydrophobic composition.

Embodiment 13 is the method of embodiment 12, wherein the hydrophobiccomposition comprises a hydrophobic carrier.

Embodiment 14 is the method of embodiment 13, wherein the hydrophobiccarrier is non-volatile.

Embodiment 15 is the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 14, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is non-polar.

Embodiment 16 is the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier comprises a hydrocarbon.

Embodiment 17 is the method of embodiment 16, wherein the hydrocarbon ispetrolatum, mineral oil, or paraffin wax, or mixtures thereof.

Embodiment 18 is the method of embodiment 17, wherein the mineral oil isheavy mineral oil.

Embodiment 19 is the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 18, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is greater than 50% w/w of the composition.

Embodiment 20 is the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 19, whereinthe hydrophobic composition comprises one or more volatile siliconefluids.

Embodiment 21 is the method of embodiment 20, wherein the concentrationof the one or more volatile silicone fluids is from 5 to 24% w/w of thecomposition.

Embodiment 22 is the method of embodiment 21, wherein the volatilesilicone fluid is cyclomethicone.

Embodiment 23 is the method of embodiment 22, wherein the cyclomethiconeis cyclopentasiloxane.

Embodiment 24 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, whereinthe composition is a semi-solid composition.

Embodiment 25 is the method of embodiment 24, wherein the semi-solidcomposition is an ointment.

Embodiment 26 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, whereinthe composition does not contain volatile C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols.

Embodiment 27 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, whereinthe composition does not contain additional penetration enhancers.

Embodiment 28 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, whereinthe composition does not contain additional volatile solvents.

Embodiment 29 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, whereinthe composition does not contain surfactants.

Embodiment 30 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 29, whereinthe composition does not contain a protein or albumin.

Embodiment 31 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, whereinthe composition does not contain a polymer or copolymer.

Embodiment 32 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 31, whereinthe subject has CIN, and wherein the CIN is treated.

Embodiment 33 is the method of embodiment 32, wherein the CIN is CIN 1.

Embodiment 34 is the method of embodiment 32, wherein the CIN is CIN 2,CIN 3, or CIN 2/3.

Embodiment 35 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 34, whereinthe subject has cervical cancer, and wherein the cervical cancer istreated.

Embodiment 36 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 35, whereinthe method further comprises placing a cervical cap over the cervixafter administration of the composition to the affected area.

Embodiment 37 is a method of enhancing penetration of taxanenanoparticles into a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) orcervical cancer of a subject, the method comprising topically applyingto the affected area a hydrophobic composition comprising a continuoushydrophobic carrier, one or more volatile silicone fluids, and aplurality of taxane nanoparticles.

Embodiment 38 is the method of embodiment 37, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the hydrophobic composition.

Embodiment 39 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 38, whereinthe taxane nanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1microns to 1.5 microns.

Embodiment 40 is the method of embodiment 39, wherein the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns toless than 1 micron.

Embodiment 41 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 40, whereinthe taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles.

Embodiment 42 is the method of embodiment 41, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles.

Embodiment 43 is the method of embodiment 42, wherein the paclitaxelnanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m²/g.

Embodiment 44 is the method of embodiment 43, wherein the paclitaxelnanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g.

Embodiment 45 is the method of any one of embodiments 42 to 44, whereinthe concentration of the paclitaxel nanoparticles is about 0.15 to about2% w/w.

Embodiment 46 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 45, whereinthe composition is anhydrous.

Embodiment 47 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 46, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is non-volatile.

Embodiment 48 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 47, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is non-polar.

Embodiment 49 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 48, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier comprises a hydrocarbon.

Embodiment 50 is the method of embodiment 49, wherein the hydrocarbon ispetrolatum, mineral oil, or paraffin wax, or mixtures thereof.

Embodiment 51 is the method of embodiment 50, wherein the mineral oil isheavy mineral oil.

Embodiment 52 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 51, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is greater than 50% w/w of the composition.

Embodiment 53 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 52, whereinthe concentration of the one or more volatile silicone fluids is from 5to 24% w/w of the composition.

Embodiment 54 is the method of embodiment 53, wherein the volatilesilicone fluid is cyclomethicone.

Embodiment 55 is the method of embodiment 54, wherein the cyclomethiconeis cyclopentasiloxane.

Embodiment 56 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 55, whereinthe composition is a semi-solid composition.

Embodiment 57 is the method of embodiment 56, wherein the semi-solidcomposition is an ointment.

Embodiment 58 is the method of any one of embodiments 56 to 57, whereinthe viscosity of the composition is 25,000 cps to 500,000 cps asmeasured with a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with thehelipath on, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45seconds.

Embodiment 59 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 58, whereinthe composition does not contain volatile C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols.

Embodiment 60 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 59, whereinthe composition does not contain additional penetration enhancers.

Embodiment 61 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 60, whereinthe composition does not contain additional volatile solvents.

Embodiment 62 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 61, whereinthe composition does not contain surfactants.

Embodiment 63 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 62, whereinthe composition does not contain a protein or albumin.

Embodiment 64 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 62, whereinthe composition does not contain a polymer or copolymer.

Embodiment 65 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 64, whereinthe subject has CIN.

Embodiment 66 is the method of embodiment 65, wherein the CIN is CIN 1.

Embodiment 67 is the method of embodiment 65, wherein the CIN is CIN 2,CIN 3, or CIN 2/3.

Embodiment 68 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 67, whereinthe subject has cervical cancer.

Embodiment 69 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 68, whereinthe method further comprises placing a cervical cap over the cervixafter application of the hydrophobic composition to the affected area.

Embodiment 70 is the method of any one of embodiments 37 to 69, whereinthe penetration of the taxane nanoparticles from the hydrophobiccomposition into the CIN or cervical cancer is greater than thepenetration of taxane nanoparticles into the CIN or cervical cancer fromtopically applying a hydrophobic composition that comprises a pluralityof taxane nanoparticles and that does not contain one or more volatilesilicone fluids.

Embodiment 71 is a method of enhancing penetration of taxanenanoparticles into a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) orcervical cancer of a subject, the method comprising topically applying ahydrophobic composition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticlesto the affected area, wherein the penetration of the taxanenanoparticles from the hydrophobic composition into the CIN or cervicalcancer is greater than the penetration of taxane nanoparticles into theCIN or cervical cancer from topically applying an aqueous basedcomposition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles.

Embodiment 72 is the method of embodiment 71, wherein the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns to 1.5microns.

Embodiment 73 is the method of embodiment 72, wherein the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns toless than 1 micron.

Embodiment 74 is the method of any one of embodiments 71 to 73, whereinthe taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles.

Embodiment 75 is the method of any one of embodiments 71 to 74, whereinthe hydrophobic composition further comprises a hydrophobic carrier.

Embodiment 76 is the method of any one of embodiments 71 to 75, whereinthe subject has CIN.

Embodiment 77 is the method of embodiment 76, wherein the CIN is CIN 1.

Embodiment 78 is the method of embodiment 76, wherein the CIN is CIN 2,CIN 3, or CIN 2/3.

Embodiment 79 is the method of any one of embodiments 71 to 78, whereinthe subject has cervical cancer.

Embodiment 80 is the method of any one of embodiments 71 to 79, whereinthe hydrophobic composition comprises a continuous hydrophobic phasehaving the plurality of taxane nanoparticles suspended therein.

The terms “nanoparticle”, “nanoparticles”, and “nanoparticulate”, asused herein with regard to taxane particles, represent the mean particlesize (based on the number-weighted differential distribution, designatedas “number”) of the taxane particles which is from 0.01 microns to 1.5microns (10 nm to 1500 nm) or preferably from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns(100 nm to 1500 nm), or more preferably from 0.1 microns to less than 1micron (100 nm to less than 1000 nm).

The term “water soluble,” as used herein, describes compounds that havea solubility in water of greater than 10 mg/mL or greater at roomtemperature.

The term “poorly water soluble,” as used herein, describes compoundsthat have a solubility in water of less than or equal to 10 mg/mL atroom temperature.

The term “hydrophobic,” as used herein, describes compounds,compositions, or carriers that have a solubility in water of less thanor equal to 10 mg/mL at room temperature.

The term “volatile,” as used herein, describes compounds, compositions,or carriers that have a vapor pressure greater than or equal to 10 Pa atroom temperature.

The term “non-volatile,” as used herein, describes compounds,compositions, or carriers that have a vapor pressure less than 10 Pa atroom temperature.

The term “anhydrous,” as used herein with regard to the compositions orcarriers of the invention, means that less than 3% w/w, preferably lessthan 2% w/w, more preferably less than 1% w/w, or most preferably 0% w/wof water is present in the compositions or carriers. This can accountfor small amounts of water being present (e.g., water inherentlycontained in any of the ingredients of the compositions or carriers,water contracted from the atmosphere, etc.).

The terms “skin” or “cutaneous” as used herein mean the epidermis and/orthe dermis.

The term “affected area” of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) orcervical cancer includes the area of the cervical epithelium includingthe ectocervix, squamocolumnar junction, and/or endocervix where one ormore CIN lesions or cervical cancer tumors are detectable by cytologicdiagnosis (e.g., Pap smear), colposcopy, and/or histological assessmentof a cervical biopsy. The affected area can include areas of thecervical epithelium in the proximity of the one or more lesions ortumors likely to contain undetectable preclinical lesions.

The terms “subject” or “patient” as used herein mean a vertebrateanimal. In some embodiments, the vertebrate animal can be a mammal. Insome embodiments, the mammal can be a primate, including a human.

The term “room temperature” (RT) as used herein, means 20-25° C.

The term “penetration enhancer” or “skin penetration enhancer” as usedherein, means a compound or a material or a substance that facilitatesdrug absorption into the skin (epidermis and dermis).

The term “surfactant” or “surface active agent” as used herein, means acompound or a material or a substance that exhibits the ability to lowerthe surface tension of water or to reduce the interfacial tensionbetween two immiscible substances.

Unless otherwise specified, the percent values expressed herein areweight by weight and are in relation to the weight of the totalcomposition.

The term “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to asunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one non-limitingembodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%,more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

For this application, a number value with one or more decimal places canbe rounded to the nearest whole number using standard roundingguidelines, i.e. round up if the number being rounded is 5, 6, 7, 8, or9; and round down if the number being rounded is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. Forexample, 3.7 can be rounded to 4.

The words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise”and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and“has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and“include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as“contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not excludeadditional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the terms“comprising,” “having,” “including,” or “containing” (or any variationsof these words) may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with themeaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”

The compositions and methods for their use can “comprise,” “consistessentially of,” or “consist of” any of the ingredients or stepsdisclosed throughout the specification. With respect to the phrase“consisting essentially of,” a basic and novel property of thecompositions of the present invention are their ability to topicallytreat CIN and/or cervical cancer. With respect to hydrophobiccompositions of the present invention, a basic and novel propertyincludes the ability to treat CIN or cervical cancer and the ability topenetrate into cervical epithelial tissues with limited to nopenetration through the epithelial tissues into the bloodstream. Thiscan be achieved without the use of C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols or C₁-C₅aliphatic alcohols, surfactants, and additional skin penetrationenhancers and additional volatile solvents other than a volatilesilicone fluid(s) (e.g., cyclomethicone or cyclopentasiloxane, or acombination thereof).

“Limited,” “reduced,” or “minimal” when modifying the phrase“penetration transdermally” means wherein less than 0.01 μg/cm² of thedrug nanoparticles penetrate through human cadaver skin when thecomposition is applied to the human cadaver skin as determined by an invitro Franz diffusion cell system.

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specificationcan be implemented with respect to any method or composition of theinvention, and vice versa. Furthermore, compositions of the inventioncan be used to achieve methods of the invention.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm2)delivered in vitro into the epidermis for formulas F1 through F7.

FIG. 2 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm2)delivered in vitro into the epidermis for formulas F6*(repeat analysis)and F8 through F13.

FIG. 3 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm2)delivered in vitro into the dermis for formulas F1 through F7.

FIG. 4 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm2)delivered in vitro into the dermis for formulas F6*(repeat analysis) andF8 through F13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In some aspects, the invention relates to methods of treatment ofcervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and/or cervical cancer in apatient by topically applying to the affected area (topical therapy) acomposition comprising a taxane(s), thereby treating the CIN and/orcervical cancer. In some embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel. In otherembodiments, the taxane is docetaxel or cabazitaxel. In furtherembodiments, a combination of taxanes can be used (e.g., paclitaxel anddocetaxel, or paclitaxel and cabazitaxel, or docetaxel and cabazitaxel,or paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel). In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises a carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier isanhydrous and/or hydrophobic. In other aspects, the carrier is aqueousbased. In some embodiments, the taxane(s) is a plurality ofnanoparticles of the taxane(s). In other embodiments, the taxane(s) issolubilized. Suitable compositions for use in the methods of theinvention are disclosed in international patent application numberPCT/US16/52133, herein incorporated by reference. In a preferredembodiment, the composition is a hydrophobic composition comprising acontinuous hydrophobic carrier, one or more volatile silicone fluids,and a plurality of taxane nanoparticles, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the composition and wherein the meanparticle size (number) of the taxane nanoparticles is from 0.1 micronsto 1.5 microns or from 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron. In someembodiments, the concentration of the one or more volatile siliconefluids is 5 to 24% w/w. In some embodiments, the composition does notcontain volatile C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols.In some embodiments, the concentration of the taxane nanoparticles is ata concentration effective to provide a therapeutic improvement(treatment) in the CIN and/or cervical cancer. In some embodiments, theconcentration of the taxane nanoparticles is at a concentration of 0.1to 5% w/w, about 0.1 to about 2% w/w or about 0.15 to about 2% w/w.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) includes all histologicalclassifications/gradings of CIN including, but not limited to low-gradeCIN (CIN 1) and high grade CIN (CIN 2, CIN 3, and/or CIN 2/3); as wellas all cytological classifications of CIN including low-grade squamousintraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepitheliallesions (HSIL). Cervical cancer includes all types of cervical cancerincluding, but not limited to squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas,melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma; and all stages of cervical cancerincluding, but not limited to stage I (stage 1 cervical cancer): stageIA1, IA2, IB1, IB2; stage II (stage 2 cervical cancer): stage IIA, IIB;stage III (stage 3 cervical cancer): stage IIIA, IIIB; stage IV (stage 4cervical cancer): stage IVA, IVB.

I. Compositions

In one aspect of the invention, the compositions of the presentinvention are hydrophobic and comprise a continuous hydrophobic carrier,one or more volatile silicone fluids (such as cyclomethicone), and aplurality of taxane nanoparticles. The compositions can be flowable orspreadable when being applied to an affected area. The compositions canbe suspensions of a plurality of the taxane nanoparticles within amixture of the hydrophobic carrier and the volatile silicone fluid. Thetaxane nanoparticles can be completely dispersed, or partially dispersedand partially dissolved in the compositions. In various embodiments, thetaxane nanoparticles are not completely dissolved in the compositions.The hydrophobic compositions can be anhydrous. A hydrophobic compositionis a composition in which the total amount of the hydrophobicconstituents in the composition is greater than the total amount of thenon-hydrophobic constituents in the composition. The hydrophobic carriercan be the continuous phase of the hydrophobic compositions. Therefore,the compositions of the present invention can include at least twophases, a continuous hydrophobic carrier phase and a suspended taxanenanoparticle phase. The volatile silicone fluid can be solubilizedand/or dispersed within the continuous phase.

Surprisingly, the hydrophobic compositions of the invention that includevolatile silicone fluids at low concentrations, i.e., less than 25% w/w,in combination with a continuous, anhydrous hydrophobic carrier,exhibited greater skin penetration (i.e., penetration into the epidermaland/or dermal portions of the skin) of taxane nanoparticles as comparedto the skin penetration of taxane nanoparticles from the hydrophobiccarrier alone. In fact, and even more surprising, the addition of otherskin penetration enhancers had little or no effect on the skinpenetration of these compositions. Notably, however, the taxanenanoparticles did not penetrate through the skin (i.e., transdermalpenetration) or only a negligible amount penetrated transdermallythrough the skin, i.e. less than 0.01 μg/cm². Furthermore, the skinpenetration (i.e., epidermal or dermal penetration) of taxanenanoparticles from the anhydrous hydrophobic compositions was farsuperior to the skin penetration of taxane nanoparticles from aqueousbased compositions even though the aqueous based compositions containeda skin penetration enhancer. Additionally, and also surprisingly, thehydrophobic compositions of the invention that include less than 25% ofa volatile silicone fluid in combination with a hydrophobic carrier, donot need to contain alcohols, additional volatile solvents, additionalpenetration enhancers, polymers/copolymers or surfactants to provideenhanced skin penetration, thereby allowing for a most cost-efficientand simplified composition that can have reduced irritancy whentopically applied. If desired, however, such components can be includedin the compositions of the present invention. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include or containadditional penetration enhancers. In some embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions are free of/do not include or contain laurocapram. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are free of/do not includediethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME). In some embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include isopropyl myristate.In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are free of/do notinclude alpha tocopherol. In other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions are free of/do not include or contain additional volatilesolvents or compounds. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositionsare free of/do not include or contain any alcohols or C₁-C₄ aliphaticalcohols. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are freeof/do not include or contain alcohol or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols. Inother embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are free of/do notinclude or contain surfactants. In other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions are free of/do not include polymers/copolymers (orbiodegradable polymers/copolymers). In other embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include poloxamers,styrene-isobutylene-styrene (SIBS), a polyanhydride copolymer,polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, Poly(bis(P-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid, and/or poly(D, Llactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). In various embodiments, the volatilesilicone fluid is a cyclomethicone. In other embodiments, thecyclomethicone is cyclopentasiloxane. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions comprise one or more volatile silicone fluids,but do not contain additional silicone materials. In some embodiments,the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solid compositions. In otherembodiments the hydrophobic compositions are ointments. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are not sprays and are notsprayable.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solidcompositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity of from 12,500cps to 247,500 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 150,000 cps as measured atroom temperature by a Brookfield RV viscometer using a small sampleadapter with a SC4-14 spindle and a 6R chamber at 5 rpm with anequilibration time of 2 minutes. An alternative method for performingviscosity measurements of the hydrophobic, semi-solid compositions isusing a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds. Insome embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solidcompositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity of from 25,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 25,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 50,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 50,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 75,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 75,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 100,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 100,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 300,000 cps using aBrookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipath on, witha T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds.

In another aspect, the invention relates to compositions that inhibitcrystal growth of taxane nanoparticles in carriers. In some embodiments,inhibition of crystal growth of taxane nanoparticles in carriers isaccomplished by inclusion of the nanoparticles in a hydrophobic carrier.In some embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise a hydrocarbon. Insome embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise petrolatum, mineraloil, and/or paraffin. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavymineral oil. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers furthercomprise one or more volatile silicone fluids. In still otherembodiments, the volatile silicone fluid is cyclomethicone. In otherembodiments, the cyclomethicone is cyclopentasiloxane. In otherembodiments, inhibition of crystal growth of taxane nanoparticles inaqueous carriers is accomplished by inclusion of the nanoparticles in anaqueous carrier comprising poloxamer 407, a quaternary ammoniumcompound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer, or mixtures thereof.

The compositions of the present invention can be formulated in variousforms suitable for pharmaceutical and topical delivery. Non-limitingexamples include semi-solid compositions, lotions, liquid suspensions,emulsions, creams, gels, ointments, pastes, aerosol sprays, aerosolfoams, non-aerosol sprays, non-aerosol foams, films, and sheets.Semi-solid compositions include ointments, pastes, and creams. Forpurposes of this invention, semi-solid compositions are not sprayable.The compositions can be impregnated in gauzes, bandages, or other skindressing materials. In some embodiments, the compositions are semi-solidcompositions. In some embodiments, the compositions are ointments. Inother embodiments, the compositions are gels. In still otherembodiments, the compositions are liquid suspensions. In someembodiments, the compositions are not sprays and are not sprayable. Insome embodiments, the compositions are not dry powders. In someembodiments, the compositions do not solely include the taxanenanoparticles.

The compositions of the present invention can be packaged in any packageconfiguration suitable for topical products. Non-limiting examplesinclude bottles, bottles with pumps, tottles, tubes (aluminum, plasticor laminated), jars, non-aerosol pump sprayers, aerosol containers,pouches, and packets. The packages can be configured for single-dose ormultiple-dose administration.

In various embodiments, the compositions of the invention arehydrophobic. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions areanhydrous. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers arenon-polar and/or non-volatile. In still other embodiments, thecompositions are aqueous based. In other embodiments, the compositionsof the invention are sterile. In other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions are non-sterile. In other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions have a low bioburden. In various embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions of the invention do not contain additional skinpenetration enhancers. In other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions of the invention do not contain additional volatilesolvents. In still other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions ofthe invention do not contain surfactants. In other embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions of the invention do not contain alcohols, C₁-C₄aliphatic alcohols, or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols. In other embodiments,the hydrophobic compositions do not contain polymers or copolymers.

A. Taxane Nanoparticles

Taxanes are poorly water soluble drugs having a solubility of less thanor equal to 10 mg/mL in water at room temperature. Taxanes are widelyused as chemotherapy agents. The term “taxanes” as used herein includepaclitaxel (I), docetaxel (II), cabazitaxel (III), and/or any othertaxane derivatives.

The taxane nanoparticles can be paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles, or nanoparticles of othertaxane derivatives. Paclitaxel and docetaxel active pharmaceuticalingredients (APIs) are commercially available from Phyton Biotech LLC,Vancouver, Canada. The docetaxel API and nanoparticles contain not lessthan 90%, or not less than 95%, or not less than 97.5% docetaxelcalculated on the anhydrous, solvent-free basis. The paclitaxel API andnanoparticles contain not less than 90%, or not less than 95%, or notless than 97% paclitaxel calculated on the anhydrous, solvent-freebasis. Paclitaxel API and nanoparticles can be prepared from asemisynthetic chemical process or from a natural source such as plantcell fermentation or extraction. Paclitaxel is also sometimes referredto by the trade name TAXOL, although this is a misnomer because TAXOL isthe trade name of a solution of paclitaxel in polyoxyethylated castoroil and ethanol intended for dilution with a suitable parenteral fluidprior to intravenous infusion. Paclitaxel is a poorly water solubledrug. The solubility of paclitaxel in water is less than 0.05 ppm asdetermined experimentally by the solubility method described inExample 1. The taxane nanoparticles can be in a crystalline form or inan amorphous form or a combination of both.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the taxane orpaclitaxel nanoparticles are uncoated (neat) individual particles; thetaxane or paclitaxel nanoparticles are not bound to or conjugated to anysubstance; no substances are absorbed or adsorbed onto the surface ofthe taxane or paclitaxel nanoparticles; the taxane or paclitaxelnanoparticles are not encapsulated in any substance; the taxane orpaclitaxel nanoparticles are not coated with any substance; the taxaneor paclitaxel nanoparticles are not microemulsions, nanoemulsions,microspheres, or liposomes of a taxane or paclitaxel; the taxane orpaclitaxel particles are not bound to, attached to, encapsulated in, orcoated with a monomer, a polymer (or biocompatible polymer), a protein,a surfactant, or albumin; and/or a monomer, a polymer (or biocompatiblepolymer), a protein, a surfactant, or albumin is not absorbed oradsorbed onto the surface of the taxane or paclitaxel nanoparticles. Insome embodiments, the compositions are free of/do not include or containa polymer/copolymer or biocompatible polymer/copolymer. In someembodiments, the compositions are free of/do not include or contain aprotein. In some aspects of the invention, the compositions are freeof/do not include or contain albumin. In some aspects of the invention,the compositions are free of/do not include or contain hyaluronic acid.In some aspects of the invention, the compositions are free of/do notinclude or contain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and a taxane. In someaspects of the invention, the compositions are free of/do not include orcontain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and paclitaxel. In some aspectsof the invention, the compositions are free of/do not include or containpoloxamers, styrene-isobutylene-styrene (SIBS), a polyanhydridecopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, Poly(bis(P-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid, and/or poly(D, Llactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).

The taxane nanoparticles, including paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles, can have a mean particlesize (number) of from 0.01 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.01 micronsto 1.2 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.01 micronsto less than 1 micron, or from 0.01 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.01microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.1microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.1microns to 1 micron, or from 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron, or from0.1 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 0.8 microns, or from0.1 to 0.7 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.2microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.2microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.2 microns to 0.9 microns, orfrom 0.2 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 0.7 microns, orfrom 0.3 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 1.2 microns, orfrom 0.3 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.3 microns to less than 1 micron,or from 0.3 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 0.8 microns,or from 0.3 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1.5 microns,or from 0.4 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1 micron, orfrom 0.4 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.4 microns to 0.9microns, or from 0.4 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 0.7microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1.2microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.5 microns to lessthan 1 micron, or from 0.5 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.5 micronsto 0.8 microns, or form 0.5 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.6 micronsto 1.5 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.6 micronsto 1 micron, or from 0.6 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.6microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.6microns to 0.7 microns.

The particle size of the taxane when incorporated in a composition isdetermined by a particle size analyzer instrument and the measurement isexpressed as the mean diameter based on a number distribution. Asuitable particle size analyzer instrument is one which employs theanalytical technique of light obscuration, also referred to as photozoneor single particle optical sensing (SPOS). A suitable light obscurationparticle size analyzer instrument is the ACCUSIZER available fromParticle Sizing Systems, Port Richey, Fla.

In various embodiments, the mean particle size of the taxanenanoparticles incorporated in a composition does not grow larger than20% of the initial mean particle size when the composition is stored atroom temperature for at least 1 month, or for at least 3 months, or forat least 6 months or for at least 12 months. The term “initial meanparticle size”, as used herein with regard to the particle size oftaxane nanoparticles, is the mean particle size of the taxaneincorporated in the composition when measured by a particle sizeanalyzer instrument within 45 days after the completion of manufactureof the composition (date of manufacture), and the initial mean particlesize is from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns (number) or from 0.01 microns to1.5 microns (number).

Nanoparticles of taxanes can be manufactured using various particlesize-reduction methods and equipment known in the art. Such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, wet or dry milling, micronizing,disintegrating, pulverizing, and supercritical carbon dioxide particlesize reduction methods. In various embodiments, the taxane or paclitaxelnanoparticles are made by a supercritical carbon dioxide particlereduction method (also known as “precipitation with compressedanti-solvents” or “PCA”) as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,029,5,833,891, 6,113,795, 7,744,923, 8,778,181, US publication 2014/0296140,US publication 2016/0354336, US publication 2016/0374953, andinternational patent application publication WO 2016/197091 (applicationno. PCT/US16/35993) all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

In the supercritical carbon dioxide particle size reduction method,supercritical carbon dioxide (anti-solvent) and solvent, e.g. acetone orethanol, are employed to generate uncoated taxane nanoparticles within awell-characterized particle-size distribution. The carbon dioxide andacetone are removed during processing (up to 0.5% residual solvent mayremain), leaving taxane nanoparticle powder generally ranging in sizefrom about 200 nm to about 800 nm. Stability studies show that thepowder is stable in a vial dose form when stored at controlled roomtemperature (25° C./60% relative humidity) for up to 59 months and underaccelerated conditions (40° C./75% relative humidity) for up to sixmonths.

Taxane nanoparticles produced by various supercritical carbon dioxideparticle size reduction methods can have unique physical characteristicsas compared to taxane nanoparticles produced by conventional particlesize reduction methods using physical impacting or grinding, e.g., wetor dry milling, micronizing, disintegrating, comminuting,microfluidizing, or pulverizing. As disclosed in US publication2016/0354336 and international patent application publication WO2016/197091 all of which are herein incorporated by reference, suchunique characteristics include a bulk density (not tapped) between 0.05g/cm³ and 0.15 g/cm³ and a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18m²/g of taxane (paclitaxel and docetaxel) nanoparticles, which areproduced by the supercritical carbon dioxide particle size reductionmethods described in US publication 2016/0354336 and internationalpatent application publication WO 2016/197091 and as described below.This bulk density range is generally lower than the bulk density oftaxane particles produced by conventional means, and the SSA isgenerally higher than the SSA of taxane particles produced byconventional means. These unique characteristics result in significantincreases in dissolution rates in water/methanol media as compared totaxanes produced by conventional means. As used herein, the “specificsurface area (SSA)” is the total surface area of the taxane nanoparticleper unit of taxane mass as measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(“BET”) isotherm by the following method: a known mass between 200 and300 mg of the analyte is added to a 30 mL sample tube. The loaded tubeis then mounted to a Porous Materials Inc. SORPTOMETER®, model BET-202A.The automated test is then carried out using the BETWIN® softwarepackage and the surface area of each sample is subsequently calculated.The bulk density measurement can be conducted by pouring the taxanenanoparticles into a graduated cylinder without tapping at roomtemperature, measuring the mass and volume, and calculating the bulkdensity.

As disclosed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091, studies showed a SSA of 15.0m²/g and a bulk density of 0.31 g/cm³ for paclitaxel nanoparticlesproduced by milling paclitaxel in a Deco-PBM-V-0.41 ball mill suing a 5mm ball size, at 600 RPM for 60 minutes at room temperature. Alsodisclosed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091, one lot of paclitaxelnanoparticles had a SSA of 37.7 m²/g and a bulk density of 0.085 g/cm³when produced by a supercritical carbon dioxide method using thefollowing method: a solution of 65 mg/ml of paclitaxel was prepared inacetone. A BETE MicroWhirl® fog nozzle (BETE Fog Nozzle, Inc.) and asonic probe (Qsonica, model number Q700) were positioned in thecrystallization chamber approximately 8 mm apart. A stainless steel meshfilter with approximately 100 nm holes was attached to thecrystallization chamber to collect the precipitated paclitaxelnanoparticles. The supercritical carbon dioxide was placed in thecrystallization chamber of the manufacturing equipment and brought toapproximately 1200 psi at about 38° C. and a flow rate of 24 kg/hour.The sonic probe was adjusted to 60% of total output power at a frequencyof 20 kHz. The acetone solution containing the paclitaxel was pumpedthrough the nozzle at a flow rate of 4.5 mL/minute for approximately 36hours. Additional lots of paclitaxel nanoparticles produced by thesupercritical carbon dioxide method described above had SSA values of:22.27 m²/g, 23.90 m²/g, 26.19 m²/g, 30.02 m²/g, 31.16 m²/g, 31.70 m²/g,32.59 m²/g, 33.82 m²/g, 35.90 m²/g, 38.22 m²/g, and 38.52 m²/g.

As disclosed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091, studies showed a SSA of 15.2m²/g and a bulk density of 0.44 g/cm³ for docetaxel nanoparticlesproduced by milling docetaxel in a Deco-PBM-V-0.41 ball mill suing a 5mm ball size, at 600 RPM for 60 minutes at room temperature. Alsodisclosed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091, docetaxel nanoparticles had aSSA of 44.2 m²/g and a bulk density of 0.079 g/cm³ when produced by asupercritical carbon dioxide method using the following method: Asolution of 79.32 mg/ml of docetaxel was prepared in ethanol. The nozzleand a sonic probe were positioned in the pressurizable chamberapproximately 9 mm apart. A stainless steel mesh filter withapproximately 100 nm holes was attached to the pressurizable chamber tocollect the precipitated docetaxel nanoparticles. The supercriticalcarbon dioxide was placed in the pressurizable chamber of themanufacturing equipment and brought to approximately 1200 psi at about38° C. and a flow rate of 68 slpm. The sonic probe was adjusted to 60%of total output power at a frequency of 20 kHz. The ethanol solutioncontaining the docetaxel was pumped through the nozzle at a flow rate of2 mL/minute for approximately 95 minutes). The precipitated docetaxelagglomerates and particles were then collected from the supercriticalcarbon dioxide as the mixture is pumped through the stainless steel meshfilter. The filter containing the nanoparticles of docetaxel was openedand the resulting product was collected from the filter.

As disclosed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091, dissolution studies showed anincreased dissolution rate in methanol/water media of paclitaxel anddocetaxel nanoparticles made by the supercritical carbon dioxide methodsdescribed in US publication 2016/0354336 and international patentapplication publication WO 2016/197091 as compared to paclitaxel anddocetaxel nanoparticles made by milling paclitaxel and docetaxel using aDeco-PBM-V-0.41 ball mill suing a 5 mm ball size, at 600 RPM for 60minutes at room temperature. The procedures used to determine thedissolution rates are as follows. For paclitaxel, approximately 50 mg ofmaterial were coated on approximately 1.5 grams of 1 mm glass beads bytumbling the material and beads in a vial for approximately 1 hour.Beads were transferred to a stainless steel mesh container and placed inthe dissolution bath containing methanol/water 50/50 (v/v) media at 37°C., pH 7, and a USP Apparatus II (Paddle), operating at 75 rpm. At 10,20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, a 5 mL aliquot was removed, filtered througha 0.22 μm filter and analyzed on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at 227 nm.Absorbance values of the samples were compared to those of standardsolutions prepared in dissolution media to determine the amount ofmaterial dissolved. For docetaxel, approximately 50 mg of material wasplaced directly in the dissolution bath containing methanol/water 15/85(v/v) media at 37° C., pH 7, and a USP Apparatus II (Paddle), operatingat 75 rpm. At 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 225 minutes, a 5 mL aliquot wasremoved, filtered through a 0.22 μm filter, and analyzed on a UV/VISspectrophotometer at 232 nm. Absorbance values of the samples werecompared to those of standard solutions prepared in dissolution media todetermine the amount of material dissolved. For paclitaxel, thedissolution rate was 47% dissolved in 30 minutes for the nanoparticlesmade by the supercritical carbon dioxide method versus 32% dissolved in30 minutes for the nanoparticles made by milling. For docetaxel, thedissolution rate was 27% dissolved in 30 minutes for the nanoparticlesmade by the supercritical carbon dioxide method versus 9% dissolved in30 minutes for the nanoparticles made by milling.

In some embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have an SSA of atleast 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, atleast 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least34, or at least 35 m²/g. In other embodiments, the paclitaxelnanoparticles have an SSA of 18 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 50 m²/g,or 22 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or18 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 25m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 20m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 30m²/g to 40 m²/g.

In some embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have a bulk density(not-tapped) of 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.15 g/cm³, or 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.20 g/cm³.

In some embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have a dissolutionrate of at least 40% w/w dissolved in 30 minutes or less in a solutionof 50% methanol/50% water (v/v) in a USP II paddle apparatus operatingat 75 RPM, at 37° C., and at a pH of 7.

In some embodiments, the docetaxel nanoparticles have an SSA of at least18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, atleast 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, atleast 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least40, at least 41, or at least 42 m²/g. In other embodiments, thedocetaxel nanoparticles have an SSA of 18 m²/g to 60 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to60 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 60 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 60 m²/g, or 40 m²/g to 60m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 50m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 40 m²/g to 50 m²/g.

In some embodiments, the docetaxel nanoparticles have a bulk density(not-tapped) of 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.15 g/cm³.

In some embodiments, the docetaxel nanoparticles have a dissolution rateof at least 20% w/w dissolved in 30 minutes or less in a solution of 15%methanol/85% water (v/v) in a USP II paddle apparatus operating at 75RPM, at 37° C., and at a pH of 7.

It was found that paclitaxel nanoparticle crystals have a tendency togrow in suspensions of water or saline solutions over time forming largeneedle-like crystals. A crystal growth study was conducted and theresults are shown in Table 2 in Example 2 below. It was found that thenanoparticle crystals did not grow in the hydrophobic materials. Also,and surprisingly, the nanoparticle crystals did not grow in aqueoussolutions of benzalkonium chloride, CARBOPOL ULTREZ 10, or poloxamer407.

B. Hydrophobic Carriers

The hydrophobic carriers of the present invention can comprisesubstances from plant, animal, paraffinic, and/or synthetically derivedsources. Hydrophobic substances are generally known as substances thatlack an affinity for and repel water. The hydrophobic carrier can be thecontinuous phase of the compositions. In various embodiments, thehydrophobic carriers are non-polar and/or non-volatile. Non-limitingexamples include fats, butters, greases, waxes, solvents, and oils;mineral oils; vegetable oils; petrolatums; water insoluble organicesters and triglycerides; and fluorinated compounds. The hydrophobiccarriers can also comprise silicone materials. Silicone materials aredefined as compounds based on polydialkylsiloxanes and include polymers,elastomers (crosslinked silicones), and adhesives (branched silicones).Non-limiting examples of silicone materials include dimethicone(polydimethylsiloxane), dimethicone copolyol, cyclomethicone,simethicone, silicone elastomers such as ST-elastomer 10 (DOW CORNING),silicone oils, silicone polymers, volatile silicone fluids, and siliconewaxes. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier does not comprisesilicone materials.

Plant derived materials include, but are not limited to, arachis(peanut) oil, balsam Peru oil, carnauba wax, candellila wax, castor oil,hydrogenated castor oil, cocoa butter, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, macadamia seed oil, olive oil, orange oil, orangewax, palm kernel oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame seed oil, sheabutter, soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, tea tree oil, vegetable oil,and hydrogenated vegetable oil.

Non-limiting examples of animal derived materials include beeswax(yellow wax and white wax), cod liver oil, emu oil, lard, mink oil,shark liver oil, squalane, squalene, and tallow. Non-limiting examplesof paraffinic materials include isoparaffin, microcrystalline wax, heavymineral oil, light mineral oil, ozokerite, petrolatum, white petrolatum,and paraffin wax.

Non-limiting examples of organic esters and triglycerides include C₁₂-15alkyl benzoate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, medium chaintriglycerides, mono- and di-glycerides, trilaurin, andtrihydroxystearin.

A non-limiting example of a fluorinated compound is perfluoropolyether(PFPE), such as FOMBLIN®HC04 commercially available from SolvaySpecialty Polymers.

The hydrophobic carriers of the present invention can comprisepharmaceutical grade hydrophobic substances. In various embodiments ofthe present invention the hydrophobic carriers comprise petrolatum,mineral oil, or paraffin, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, themineral oil is heavy mineral oil. In some embodiments, the hydrophobiccarriers are not polymeric matrices and do not contain a polymer orbiodegradable polymer, such as styrene-isobutylene-styrene (SIBS), apolyanhydride copolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, Poly(bis(P-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid, and/or poly(D, Llactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and/or do not contain a copolymer suchas a poloxamer.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the hydrophobic carrier in thecompositions is greater than 10% w/w of the total composition weight. Inother embodiments, the concentration of the hydrophobic carrier in thecompositions is greater than 15%, or greater than 20%, or greater than25%, or greater than 30%, or greater than 35%, or greater than 40%, orgreater than 45%, or greater than 50%, or greater than 55%, or greaterthan 60%, or greater than 65%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 75%,or greater than 80%, or greater than 82%, or greater than 85%, orgreater than 87%, or greater than 90% w/w of the total compositionweight. In other embodiments, the concentration of the hydrophobiccarrier in the compositions is from greater than 10% w/w to 95% w/w ofthe total composition weight. In other embodiments, the concentration ofthe hydrophobic carrier in the compositions is from 11% w/w to 95% w/w,or from 12% w/w to 95% w/w, or from 13% w/w to 95% w/w, or from 14% w/wto 95% w/w, or from 15% w/w to 95% w/w, or from 16% w/w to 95% w/w, orfrom 17% w/w to 95% w/w, or from 18% w/w to 95% w/w, or from 19% w/w to95% w/w, or from 20% w/w to 95% w/w of the total composition weight.

(i) Petrolatum

Petrolatum is a purified mixture of semi-solid saturated hydrocarbonsobtained from petroleum, and varies from dark amber to light yellow incolor. White petrolatum is wholly or nearly decolorized and varies fromcream to snow white in color. Petrolatums are available with differentmelting point, viscosity, and consistency characteristics. Petrolatumsmay also contain a stabilizer such as an antioxidant. Pharmaceuticalgrades of petrolatum include Petrolatum USP and White Petrolatum USP.

Various petrolatums are available commercially from the PenrecoCorporation under the trade names: ULTIMA, SUPER, SNOW, REGENT, LILY,CREAM, ROYAL, BLOND, and AMBER. Various grades of petrolatum are alsoavailable commercially from the Sonneborn Corporation under the tradenames: ALBA, SUPER WHITE PROTOPET, SUPER WHITE FONOLINE, WHITE PROTOPET1S, WHITE PROTOPET 2L, WHITE PROTOPET 3C, WHITE FONOLINE, PERFECTA,YELLOW PROTOPET 2A, YELLOW FONOLINE, PROTOLINE, SONOJELL #4, SONOJELL#9, MINERAL JELLY #10, MINERAL JELLY #14, MINERAL JELLY #17, ANDCARNATION TROUGH GREASE. Petrolatums are also available from theSpectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.

(ii) Mineral Oil

Mineral oil is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.Mineral oil is available in various viscosity grades, such as lightmineral oil, heavy mineral oil, and extra heavy mineral oil. Lightmineral oil has a kinematic viscosity of not more than 33.5 centistokesat 40° C. Heavy mineral oil has a kinematic viscosity of not less than34.5 centistokes at 40° C. Mineral oil may contain a suitablestabilizer. Pharmaceutical grades of mineral oil include Mineral OilUSP, which is heavy mineral oil, and Light Mineral Oil NF, which islight mineral oil. Mineral oil is commercially available from thePenreco Corporation under the DRAKEOL trade name, and the SonnebornCorporation under the trade names BENOL, BLANDOL, BRITOL, CARNATION,ERVOL, GLORIA, KAYDOL, KLEAROL, PROTOL, and RUDOL. Mineral oil is alsocommercially available from the Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.

(iii) Paraffin Wax

Paraffin wax is a purified mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained frompetroleum. It may also be synthetically derived by the Fischer-Tropschprocess from carbon monoxide and hydrogen which are catalyticallyconverted to a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons. Paraffin wax maycontain an antioxidant. Pharmaceutical grades of paraffin wax includeParaffin NF and Synthetic Paraffin NF. Paraffin waxes are commerciallyavailable from the Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp, Koster Keunen, Inc. andFrank B. Ross, Inc.

C. Volatile Silicone Fluids

Volatile silicone fluids, also known as volatile silicone oils, arevolatile liquid polysiloxanes which can by cyclic or linear. They areliquid at room temperature. Volatile silicone fluids are hydrophobicmaterials. Linear volatile silicone fluids include polydimethylsiloxane,hexamethyldisiloxane and octamethyltrisiloxane and are commerciallyavailable from Dow Corning under the trade names DOW CORNING Q7-9180Silicone Fluid 0.65 cSt and DOW CORNING Q7-9180 Silicone Fluid 1.0 cSt,respectively. Cyclic volatile silicone fluids are generally known ascyclomethicones.

(i) Cyclomethicone

Cyclomethicone is a fully methylated cyclic siloxane containingrepeating units of formula (IV):

[—(CH₃)₂SiO-]_(n)  (IV)

in which n is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; or mixtures thereof. Cyclomethicone is aclear, colorless volatile liquid silicone fluid. Cyclomethicone hasemollient properties and helps to improve the tactile feel of an oilbased product by making it feel less greasy on the skin. Pharmaceuticalgrade cyclomethicone includes Cyclomethicone NF. Cyclomethicone NF isrepresented by formula (IV) in which n is 4 (cyclotetrasiloxane), 5(cyclopentasiloxane), or 6 (cyclohexasiloxane); or mixtures thereof.Cyclopentasiloxane, also known as decamethylcylcopentasiloxane,cyclomethicone D5, or cyclomethicone 5, is the cyclomethiconerepresented by formula (IV) in which n is 5 (pentamer), but it cancontain small amounts (generally less than 1%) of one or more of theother cyclic chain length cyclomethicones. Cyclopentasiloxane isavailable in a pharmaceutical grade as Cyclomethicone NF.Cyclomethicones are commercially available from Dow Corning under thetrade names DOW CORNING ST-Cyclomethicone 5-NF, DOW CORNINGST-Cyclomethicone 56-NF, and XIAMETER PMX-0245. It is also commerciallyavailable from the Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. Cyclopentasiloxane has avapor pressure of about 20 to about 27 Pa at 25° C.

Cyclomethicone has been shown to be non-irritating to vaginal tissues. A2011 study by Forbes et. al., (Forbes et. al., Non-aqueous siliconeelastomer gels as a vaginal microbicide delivery system for the HIV-1entry inhibitor maraviroc, Journal of Controlled Release, 156 (2011),161-169) compared a silicone elastomer gel containing 20% cyclomethiconeand 80% ST-Elastomer-10 to hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) as a vehicle forvaginal administration of maraviroc (an HIV-1 entry inhibitor). A PKstudy was performed in rhesus macaques to determine plasma, vaginalfluid and vaginal tissue levels. Three milliliters of silicone elastomergel or HEC, both containing 100 mg maraviroc, were vaginallyadministered to 12 non-infected, female macaques. Vaginal fluids werecollected at time points up to 3 days post-application. A single vaginalpinch-biopsy was taken from each macaque at 24 hours post-application.All time points after 4 hours showed higher concentrations of maravirocfor the silicone elastomer gel. Vaginal biopsy samples showed maraviroclevels were seven times higher for the silicone elastomer gel than HEC.There was no mention of vaginal irritation or ulceration in macaquesreceiving the elastomer/cyclomethicone gel. To test mucosaltoxicity/irritability, the authors performed a slug mucosal irritationtest. LDH and other proteins are released from the foot of a slug inresponse to cell damage, and serve as markers for mucosal toxicity. Thetest was performed by placing a slug on top of a sample for 30 minutes.The slug was subsequently transferred to a petri dish containing PBS for60 minutes, and then a second PBS petri dish for an additional 60minutes. The amounts of LDH protein and mucous left behind in the PBSwere measured to determine irritability of the samples. LDH and mucuslevels of the silicone elastomer gel and HEC were both comparable to thenegative control.

In one embodiment, the concentration of cyclomethicone in thecomposition is less than 25% w/w. In another embodiment, thecyclomethicone in the composition is at a concentration from 5 to 24%w/w. In another embodiment, the concentration of cyclomethicone is from5 to 20% w/w. In another embodiment, the cyclomethicone is at aconcentration of from 5 to 18% w/w. In another embodiment, theconcentration of cyclomethicone is 13% w/w. In various embodiments, theconcentration of cyclomethicone can be 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5,9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16,16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23,23.5, or 24% w/w or any percentage derivable therein of the totalcomposition weight. In one embodiment, the cyclomethicone iscyclopentasiloxane.

D. Aqueous Based Compositions

Aqueous based compositions of the invention comprise taxanenanoparticles and an aqueous carrier. The aqueous formulations aredispersions (suspensions) of the taxane nanoparticles in an aqueouscarrier. The taxane nanoparticles can be completely dispersed, partiallydispersed and partially dissolved, but not completely dissolved in theaqueous carrier. An aqueous based composition is a composition in whichwater is the major constituent. Aqueous carriers can include singlephase aqueous solutions, and multi-phase aqueous based emulsions suchoil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions.

It was observed that taxane nanoparticle crystals, such as paclitaxelnanoparticles, rapidly grew in water and in aqueous based carriers. Inmany cases, the growth was observed in as little as 3 days at roomtemperature, and some cases in 24 hours. Many of the crystals wereneedle-like in shape and were larger than 5 μm in length. A study wasconducted and the results are shown in Table 2 in Example 2.Surprisingly, the taxane nanoparticle crystal growth was inhibited bythe addition of poloxamer 407, a quaternary ammonium compound, or across-linked acrylic acid polymer to the aqueous based carrier duringprocessing. The addition of poloxamer 188 did not inhibit the growth ofthe nanoparticle crystals.

It was also observed that the presence of a quaternary ammoniumcompound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer, or mixtures thereof inan aqueous carrier comprising taxane nanoparticle crystals preventedgrowth of the nanoparticle crystals over time. A study was conducted andthe results are shown in Table 11 in Example 8 revealing that the meanparticle size of poorly water soluble taxane nanoparticles (paclitaxel)in an aqueous composition comprising poloxamer 407, a quaternaryammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer, or mixturesthereof does not grow larger than 20% of the initial mean particle sizewhen the aqueous composition is stored at room temperature for 6 months.In some embodiments, there is disclosed an aqueous based compositioncomprising an aqueous carrier; a plurality of taxane nanoparticles; anda quaternary ammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer,or mixtures thereof; wherein the mean particle size of the taxanenanoparticles is from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns (number) or from 0.01microns to 1.5 microns (number), and wherein the mean particle size ofthe taxane nanoparticles does not grow larger than 20% of the initialmean particle size when the composition is stored at room temperaturefor at least 6 months. In other embodiments, the composition furthercomprises poloxamer 407.

In one aspect of the invention, disclosed are compositions comprisingtaxane nanoparticles, an aqueous carrier, and poloxamer 407, aquaternary ammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer, ormixtures thereof. It was surprisingly found that the addition ofpoloxamer 407, a quaternary ammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylicacid polymer inhibited the crystal growth of the taxane nanoparticles inaqueous carriers. The aqueous based compositions of the invention aresuitable for topical, injectable, (IV) infusion, or oral liquid dosageforms. In one embodiment, the additive to inhibit crystal growth ispoloxamer 407. In various embodiments, the quaternary ammonium compoundis the additive to inhibit crystal growth and is benzalkonium chlorideor benzethonium chloride. In other embodiments, the quaternary ammoniumcompound is benzalkonium chloride. In other embodiments, thecross-linked acrylic acid polymer is the additive to inhibit crystalgrowth and is Carbomer.

In one aspect of the invention, the composition comprises poloxamer 407and taxane nanoparticles in an aqueous carrier suitable for injectiondelivery including (IV) infusion. In various embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are docetaxel nanoparticles, paclitaxel nanoparticles, orcabazitaxel nanoparticles.

In another aspect of the invention, the composition comprises aquaternary ammonium compound and taxane nanoparticles in an aqueouscarrier suitable for injection delivery including (IV) infusion. Invarious embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are docetaxelnanoparticles, paclitaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles.In other embodiments, the quaternary ammonium compounds are benzalkoniumchloride or benzethonium chloride.

In one aspect of the invention, disclosed are methods of inhibiting thegrowth of a dispersion of crystalline taxane nanoparticles in an aqueousbased carrier, the method comprising adding poloxamer 407, a quaternaryammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer, or mixturesthereof, to the aqueous based carrier during processing, wherein themean particle size of the taxane nanoparticles is from 0.1 microns to1.5 microns (number) or from 0.01 microns to 1.5 microns (number). Insome embodiments, the quaternary ammonium compound is benzalkoniumchloride or benzethonium chloride. In some embodiments, the cross-linkedacrylic acid polymer is carbomer. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, orcabazitaxel nanoparticles. In still other embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles.

(i) Poloxamer 407

Poloxamer 407 is a solid, hydrophilic, nonionic, synthetic blockcopolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide conforming to thegeneral formula (V)

HO(C₂H₄O)_(a)(C₃H₆O)_(b)(C₂H₄O)_(a)H  (V)

where a is 101 and b is 56. Poloxamer 407 has an average molecularweight of 9840-14600. The term “poloxamer” is the nonproprietary name ofthe copolymer. Poloxamers are available in several types which havevarious physical forms and various average molecular weights. Eachspecific poloxamer type is identified by the nonproprietary name“poloxamer” followed by a three digit number, the first two digits ofwhich when multiplied by 100 correspond to the approximate averagemolecular weight of the polyoxypropylene portion of the copolymer; andthe third digit, when multiplied by 10, corresponds to the percentage byweight of the polyoxyethylene portion. Poloxamers are available inpharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial grades. Pharmaceutical gradepoloxamers are listed in recognized pharmaceutical compendia such asUSP/NF and European Pharmacopeia (PhEur). According to the USP/NF andPhEur, a suitable antioxidant may be added. Poloxamer 407 iscommercially available from BASF under the trade name PLURONIC® F127.The addition of poloxamer 188 to an aqueous carrier did not inhibitcrystal growth of the taxane nanoparticles. Suitable concentrations ofPoloxamer 407 are at least 2% w/w, or from 0.1 to 25% w/w, or from 0.1to 20% w/w, or from 0.1 to 15% w/w, or from 0.1 to 10% w/w, or from 1 to25% w/w, or from 1 to 20% w/w, or from 1 to 15% w/w, or from 1 to 10%w/w, or from 2 to 25% w/w, or from 2 to 20% w/w, or from 2 to 15% w/w,or from 2 to 10% w/w.

(ii) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds (including salts) are positively chargedtetra-substituted nitrogen derivatives of formula (VI)

In which R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ may be the same or different, but may not behydrogen. X⁻ represents a typical anion such as chloride. Suitablequaternary ammonium compounds include benzalkonium chloride andbenzethonium chloride. Benzalkonium chloride is commercially availablein a 100% powder or a 50% aqueous solution. Other examples of quaternaryammonium compounds are disclosed in the International CosmeticIngredient Dictionary and Handbook, 12th edition, 2008 hereinincorporated by reference. Suitable concentrations of quaternaryammonium compounds are at least 0.05% w/w, or at least 0.1% w/w, or atleast 1% w/w, or at least 2% w/w, or from 0.05 to 5% w/w, or from 0.1 to5% w/w, or from 1 to 5% w/w, or from 2 to 5% w/w.

(iii) Cross-Linked Acrylic Acid Polymers

Cross-linked acrylic acid polymers are high molecular weight homo- andco-polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with a polyalkenyl polyether.Suitable cross-linked acrylic acid polymers include Carbomer (INCIname), Acrylates Copolymer (INCI name), Acrylates/C₁₀-30 Alkyl AcrylateCrosspolymer (INCI name), Acrylates Crosspolymer-4 (INCI name), andPolyacrylate-1 Crosspolymer (INCI name). The above mentioned polymersare all commercially available from the Lubrizol Corporation under theCARBOPOL® trade name. Examples of Carbomer available from the LubrizolCorporation include CARBOPOL 934, CARBOPOL 934P, CARBOPOL 940, CARBOPOL941, CARBOPOL 980, CARBOPOL 981, CARBOPOL 2984, CARBOPOL 5984, CARBOPOLSILK 100, CARBOPOL ETD 2050, ULTREZ 10, and ULTREZ 30. Examples ofAcrylates Copolymer available from the Lubrizol Corporation includeCARBOPOL AQUA SF-1, and CARBOPOL AQUA SF-1 OS. Examples ofAcrylates/C₁₀-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer available from the LubrizolCorporation include CARBOPOL ULTREZ 20, CARBOPOL ULTREZ 21, CARBOPOL ETD2020, CARBOPOL 1342, CARBOPOL 1382, and CARBOPOL SC-200. An example ofAcrylates Crosspolymer-4 is CARBOPOL AQUA SF-2. An example ofPolyacrylate-1 Crosspolymer is CARBOPOL AQUA CC. Suitable concentrationsof cross-linked acrylic acid polymers are at least 0.1% w/w, or 0.5%w/w, or from 0.1 to 5% w/w, or from 0.5 to 5% w/w.

E. Additional Ingredients and Adjuvants

The compositions of the invention can further comprise functionalingredients suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions.Non-limiting examples include absorbents, acidifying agents,antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, binders, biocides, buffering agents,bulking agents, crystal growth inhibitors, chelating agents, colorants,deodorant agents, emulsion stabilizers, film formers, fragrances,humectants, lytic agents, enzymatic agents, opacifying agents, oxidizingagents, pH adjusters, plasticizers, preservatives, reducing agents,emollient skin conditioning agents, humectant skin conditioning agents,moisturizers, surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, foamingagents, hydrotopes, solvents, suspending agents, viscosity controlagents (rheology modifiers), viscosity increasing agents (thickeners),and propellants. Listings and monographs of the examples of thefunctional ingredients described herein are disclosed in TheInternational Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook (INCI),12^(t)h Edition, 2008, herein incorporated by reference.

The compositions of the invention can further comprise additionalpharmaceutically active ingredients, cosmetically active ingredients,and veterinary agents suitable for topical use.

Although, the hydrophobic compositions of the present invention canfurther comprise additional penetration enhancers, it was found that itwas not necessary to include additional penetration enhancers toincrease the skin penetration (i.e., into the epidermal and dermalportions of skin) of the taxane nanoparticles in hydrophobiccompositions comprising a hydrophobic carrier and one or more volatilesilicone fluids. In fact, the additions of skin penetration enhancershad little or no effect on the skin penetration of the hydrophobiccompositions.

The term “penetration enhancer” has been used to describe compounds ormaterials or substances that facilitate drug absorption through theskin. These compounds or materials or substances can have a directeffect on the permeability of the skin, or they can augment percutaneousabsorption by increasing the thermodynamic activity of the penetrant,thereby increasing the effective escaping tendency and concentrationgradient of the diffusing species. The predominant effect of theseenhancers is to either increase the stratum corneum' s degree ofhydration or disrupt its lipoprotein matrix, the net result in eithercase being a decrease in resistance to drug (penetrant) diffusion(Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22^(nd) ed.).

Non-limiting examples of skin penetration enhancers include oleylalcohol, isopropyl myristate, dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) available underthe tradename ARLASOLVE DMI, and Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether(DGME) which is available under the trade name TRANSCUTOL P. Otherexamples of skin penetration enhancers can be found in “Skin PenetrationEnhancers Cited in the Technical Literature”, Osborne, David W., andHenke, Jill J., Pharmaceutical Technology, November 1997, hereinincorporated by reference. Such examples include: Fatty alcohols such asaliphatic alcohols, Decanol, Lauryl alcohol (dodecanol), Linolenylalcohol, Nerolidol, 1-Nonanol, n-Octanol, Oleyl alcohol, Fatty acidesters, Butylacetate, Cetyl lactate, Decyl N,N-dimethylamino acetate,Decyl N,N-dimethylamino isopropionate, Diethyleneglycol oleate, Diethylsebacate, Diethyl succinate, Diisopropyl sebacate, DodecylN,N-dimethylamino acetate, Dodecyl (N,N-dimethylamino)-butyrate, DodecylN,N-dimethylamino isopropionate, Dodecyl 2-(dimethylamino) propionate,EO-5-oleyl ester, Ethyl acetate, Ethylaceto acetate, Ethyl propionate,Glycerol monoethers, Glycerol monolaurate, Glycerol monooleate, Glycerolmonolinoleate, Isopropyl isostearate, Isopropyl linoleate, Isopropylmyristate, Isopropyl myristate/fatty acid monoglyceride combination,Isopropyl myristate/ethanol/L-lactic acid (87:10:3) combination,Isopropyl palmitate, Methyl acetate, Methyl caprate, Methyl laurate,Methyl propionate, Methyl valerate, 1-Monocaproyl glycerol,Monoglycerides (medium chain length), Nicotinic esters (benzyl), Octylacetate, Octyl N,N-dimethylamino acetate, Oleyl oleate, n-PentylN-acetylprolinate, Propylene glycol monolaurate, Sorbitan dilaurate,Sorbitan dioleate, Sorbitan monolaurate, Sorbitan monooleates, Sorbitantrilaurate, Sorbitan trioleate, Sucrose coconut fatty ester mixtures,Sucrose monolaurate, Sucrose monooleate, and TetradecylN,N-dimethylamino acetate; Fatty acids such as Alkanoic acids, Capricacid, Diacid, Ethyloctadecanoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Lactic acid, Lauricacid, Linoelaidic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Neodecanoic acid,Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Pelargonic acid, Propionic acid, and Vaccenicacid; Fatty alcohol ethers such as α-Monoglyceryl ether, EO-2-oleylether, EO-5-oleyl ether, EO-10-oleyl ether, and Ether derivatives ofpolyglycerols and alcohols(1-O-dodecyl-3-O-methyl-2-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl) glycerol); Biologicssuch as L-α-amino-acids, Lecithin, Phospholipids, Saponin/phospholipids,Sodium deoxycholate, Sodium taurocholate, and Sodium tauroglycocholate;Enzymes such as Acid phosphatase, Calonase, Orgelase, Papain,Phospholipase A-2, Phospholipase C, and Triacylglycerol hydrolase;Amines and Amides such as Acetamide derivatives, Acyclic amides,N-Adamantyl n-alkanamides, Clofibric acid amides, N,N-Didodecylacetamide, Di-2-ethylhexylamine, Diethyl methyl benzamide,N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide, N,N-Dimethyl-m-toluarnide, Ethomeen S12[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) oleylamine], Hexamethylene lauramide, Lauryl-amine(dodecylamine), Octyl amide, Oleylamine, Unsaturated cyclic ureas, andUrea; Complexing Agents such as, β- and γ-cyclodextrin complexes,Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Liposomes, Naphthalene diamide diimide,and Naphthalene diester diimide; Macrocyclics such as Macrocycliclactones, ketones, and anhydrides (optimum ring-16), and Unsaturatedcyclic ureas; Classical surfactants such as Brij 30, Brij 35, Brij 36T,Brij 52, Brij 56, Brij 58, Brij 72, Brij 76, Brij 78, Brij 92, Brij 96,Brij 98, Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, Empicol ML26/F, HCO-60surfactant, Hydroxypolyethoxydodecane, Ionic surfactants (ROONa,ROSO₃Na, RNH₃Cl, R=8-16), Lauroyl sarcosine, Nonionic surface activeagents, Nonoxynol, Octoxynol, Phenylsulfonate CA, Pluronic F68, PluronicF 127, Pluronic L62, Polyoleates (nonionic surfactants), Rewopal HV 10,Sodium laurate, Sodium Lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulfate), Sodiumoleate, Sorbitan dilaurate, Sorbitan dioleate, Sorbitan monolaurate,Sorbitan monooleates, Sorbitan trilaurate, Sorbitan trioleate, Span 20,Span 40, Span 85, Synperonic NP, Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween60, Tween 80, and Tween 85; N-methyl pyrrolidone and related compoundssuch as N-Cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-Butyl-3-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone,1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolikinone, 1,5 Dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone,4,4-Dimethyl-2-undecyl-2-oxazoline, 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone,1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-Hexyl-4-methyloxycarbonyl-2-pyrrolidone,1-Hexyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl) pyrrolidinone,3-Hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-Isopropyl-2-undecyl-2-imidazoline,1-Lauryl-4-methyloxycarbonyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone,Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), Pyroglutamic acid esters, and 2-Pyrrolidone(2-pyrrolidinone); Ionic compounds such as Ascorbate, Amphoteric cationsand anions, Calcium thioglycolate, Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,3,5-Diiodosalicylate sodium, Lauroylcholine iodide, 5-Methoxysalicylatesodium, Monoalkyl phosphates, 2-PAM chloride, 4-PAM chloride(derivatives of N-methyl picolinium chloride), Sodium carboxylate, andSodium hyaluronate; Dimethyl sulfoxide and related compounds such asCyclic sulfoxides, Decylmethyl sulfoxide, N-Decyl methyl sulfoxide,Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 2-Hydroxyundecyl methyl sulfoxide;Solvents and related compounds such as Acetone, n-Alkanes (chain lengthbetween 7 and 16), Cyclohexyl-1,1-dimethylethanol, Dimethylacetamide,Dimethyl formamide, Ethanol, Ethanol/d-limonene combination,2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, Ethoxydiglycol (TRANSCUTOL), Glycerol, Glycols,Lauryl chloride, Limonene, N-Methylformamide, 2-Phenylethanol,3-Phenyl-1-propanol, 3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, Polyethylene glycol,Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoesters, Polypropylene glycol, Primaryalcohols (tridecanol), Propylene glycol, Squalene, Triacetin,Trichloroethanol, Trifluoroethanol, Trimethylene glycol, and Xylene;Azone and related compounds such as N-Acyl-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-azepines,N-Alkyl-dihydro-1,4-oxazepine-5,7-diones, N-Alkylmorpholine-2,3-diones,N-Alkylmorpholine-3,5-diones, Azacycloalkane derivatives (-ketone,-thione), Azacycloalkenone derivatives, 1-[2-(Decylthio)ethyl]azacyclopentan-2-one (HPE-101), N-(2,2-Dihydroxyethyl)dodecylamine,1-Dodecanoylhexahydro-1-H-azepine, 1-Dodecyl azacycloheptan-2-one (AZONEor Laurocapram), N-Dodecyl diethanolamine,N-Dodecyl-hexahydro-2-thio-1H-azepine,N-Dodecyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide, N-Dodecyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)isobutyramide, N-Dodecyl-piperidine-2-thione, N-Dodecyl-2-piperidinone,N-Dodecyl pyrrolidine-3,5-dione, N-Dodecyl pyrrolidine-2-thione,N-Dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-Famesylazacycloheptan-2-one,1-Famesylazacyclopentan-2-one, 1-Geranylazacycloheptan-2-one,1-Geranylazacyclopentan-2-one, Hexahydro-2-oxo-azepine-1-acetic acidesters, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, 1-Laurylazacycloheptane,2-(1-Nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane, 1-N-Octylazacyclopentan-2-one,N-(1-Oxododecyl)-hexahydro-1H-azepine, N-(1-Oxododecyl)-morpholines,1-Oxohydrocarbyl-substituted azacyclohexanes,N-(1-Oxotetradecyl)-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-azepine, andN-(1-Thiododecyl)-morpholines; and others such as Aliphatic thiols,Alkyl N,N-dialkyl-substituted amino acetates, Anise oil, Anticholinergicagent pretreatment, Ascaridole, Biphasic group derivatives, Bisabolol,Cardamom oil, 1-Carvone, Chenopodium (70% ascaridole), Chenopodium oil,1,8 Cineole (eucalyptol), Cod liver oil (fatty acid extract),4-Decyloxazolidin-2-one, Dicyclohexylmethylamine oxide, Diethylhexadecylphosphonate, Diethyl hexadecylphosphoramidate, N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide, 4, 4-Dimethyl-2-undecyl-2-oxazoline,N-Dodecanoyl-L-amino acid methyl esters, 1,3-Dioxacycloalkanes (SEPAs),Dithiothreitol, Eucalyptol (cineole), Eucalyptus oil, Eugenol, Herbalextracts, Lactam N-acetic acid esters, N-Hydroxyethalaceamide,N-Hydroxyethylacetamide, 2-Hydroxy-3-oleoyloxy-1-pyroglutamyloxypropane,Menthol, Menthone, Morpholine derivatives, N-Oxide, Nerolidol,Octyl-β-D-(thio)glucopyranosides, Oxazolidinones, Piperazinederivatives, Polar lipids, Polydimethylsiloxanes, Poly[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate], Polyrotaxanes,Polyvinylbenzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride, Poly(N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide), Sodium pyroglutaminate, Terpenes and azacyclo ringcompounds, Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), Vitamin E TPGS, and Ylang-ylangoil. Additional examples of penetration enhancers not listed above canbe found in “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients”, Fifth edition, andinclude glycofurol, lanolin, light mineral oil, myristic acid,polyoxyethylene alky ethers, and thymol. Other examples of penetrationenhancers include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine,diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, citric acid, succinic acid, borageoil, tetrahydropiperine (THP), methanol, ethanol, propanol, octanol,benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, andpolyethylene glycol monolaurate.

Although the hydrophobic compositions of the invention can furthercomprise alcohols, it is not necessary for the compositions to containalcohols, C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols, or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols. In someaspects of the invention, the compositions are free of/do not include orcontain C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols, or C₁-C₅ aliphatic alcohols.

Although the hydrophobic compositions of the invention can furthercomprise additional volatile solvents, it is not necessary for thehydrophobic compositions to contain additional volatile solvents.Volatile solvents are also known as “fugitive” solvents. Non-limitingexamples of volatile solvents include volatile alcohols, such as C₁ toC₄ aliphatic alcohols; and volatile C₁ to C₄ aliphatic ketones, such asacetone. In some aspects of the inventions, the compositions are freeof/do not include or contain volatile C₁ to C₄ aliphatic ketones. Insome aspects of the inventions, the compositions are free of/do notinclude or contain volatile C₁ to C₄ aliphatic alcohols.

Although the hydrophobic compositions of the invention can furthercomprise surfactants, it is not necessary for the hydrophobiccompositions to contain surfactants. The term “surfactant” or “surfaceactive agent” means a compound or material or substance that exhibitsthe ability to lower the surface tension of water or to reduce theinterfacial tension between two immiscible substances and includesanionic, cationic, nonionic, amphoteric, and/or phospholipidsurfactants. Non-limiting examples of surfactants can be found inMcCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents, 2001 North American Editionherein incorporated by reference and also in the International CosmeticIngredient Dictionary and Handbook (INCI), 12th Edition, 2008, hereinincorporated by reference. Such examples include, but are not limitedto, the following: block polymers, e.g., Poloxamer 124; ethoxylatedalcohols e.g., Ceteth-2, Ceteareth-20, Laureth-3; ethoxylated fattyesters and oils, e.g., PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG-36 CastorOil, PEG-150 Distearate; glycerol esters, e.g., Polyglyceryl-3Diisostearate, Glyceryl Stearate; glycol esters, PEG-12 Dioleate,LEXEMUL P; phosphate esters, e.g., Cetyl Phosphate; polymericsurfactants, e.g., PVM/MA Copolymer, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl AcrylateCrosspolymer; quaternary surfactants, e.g., Cetrimonium Chloride;Silicone Based Surfactants, e.g., PEG/PPG-20/6 Dimethicone; SorbitanDerivatives, e.g., Sorbitan Stearate, Polysorbate 80; sucrose andglucose esters and derivatives, e.g., PEG-20 Methyl GlucoseSesquistearate; and sulfates of alcohols, e.g., Sodium Lauryl Sulfate.More generally, surfactants can be classified by their ionic type suchas anionic, cationic, nonionic, or amphoteric. They can also beclassified by their chemical structures, such as block polymers,ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated fatty esters and oils, glycerolesters, glycol esters, phosphate esters, polymeric surfactants,quaternary surfactants, silicone-based surfactants, sorbitanderivatives, sucrose and glucose esters and derivatives, and sulfates ofalcohols.

F. Manufacture

The compositions of the invention may be manufactured by methods andequipment known in the art for manufacture of pharmaceutical productsincluding topical, injectable, and oral liquid products. Such methodsinclude, but are not limited to the use of mechanical mixers,dissolvers, dispersers, homogenizers, and mills. Non-limiting examplesinclude LIGHTNIN propeller mixers, COWLES dissolvers, IKA ULTRA TURRAXdispersers, SILVERSON homogenizers, LEE counter-rotating side-scrapingmixers, in-line and in-tank rotor-stator homogenizers, 3-roll mills,ointment mills, and rotor-stator mills. “All-in-one” vacuum mixingsystems that have a rotating side-scraping mixer plus an in-tankhomogenizer may also be used. Such mixers include, but are not limitedto OLSA mixers, FRYMA-KORUMA mixers, and LEE TRI-MIX TURBO-SHEARkettles. The compositions of the invention can be manufactured fromsmall laboratory scale batches using laboratory mixing equipment tofull-scale production batches.

II. Enhanced Topical Delivery Methods

In one aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a method forenhancing penetration of taxane nanoparticles into cervicalintraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer of a subject, themethod comprising applying to the affected area of the CIN or cervicalcancer the topical compositions disclosed herein. In a preferredembodiment, the method comprises applying to the affected area of theCIN or cervical cancer a hydrophobic composition which comprises ahydrophobic carrier, one or more volatile silicone fluids, and aplurality of taxane nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, orcabazitaxel nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles, including paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxelnanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles, have a mean particle size(number) of from 0.01 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.01 microns to1.2 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.01 microns toless than 1 micron, or from 0.01 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.01microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.1microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.1microns to 1 micron, or from 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron, or from0.1 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 0.8 microns, or from0.1 to 0.7 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.2microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.2microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.2 microns to 0.9 microns, orfrom 0.2 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 0.7 microns, orfrom 0.3 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 1.2 microns, orfrom 0.3 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.3 microns to less than 1 micron,or from 0.3 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 0.8 microns,or from 0.3 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1.5 microns,or from 0.4 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1 micron, orfrom 0.4 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.4 microns to 0.9microns, or from 0.4 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 0.7microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1.2microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.5 microns to lessthan 1 micron, or from 0.5 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.5 micronsto 0.8 microns, or form 0.5 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.6 micronsto 1.5 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.6 micronsto 1 micron, or from 0.6 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.6microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.6microns to 0.7 microns. In other embodiments, the taxane nanoparticlesare paclitaxel nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the paclitaxelnanoparticles have an SSA of at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, atleast 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, atleast 32, at least 33, at least 34, or at least 35 m²/g. In otherembodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have an SSA of 18 m²/g to 50m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 50m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 45m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 45m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 40m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 40 m²/g. In some embodiments,the paclitaxel nanoparticles have a bulk density (not-tapped) of 0.05g/cm³ to 0.15 g/cm³, or 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.20 g/cm³. In variousembodiments, the hydrophobic carriers are non-polar and/or non-volatile.In some embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise a hydrocarbon. Inother embodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise petrolatum, mineraloil, and paraffin. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavy mineraloil. In some embodiments, the concentration of the volatile siliconefluid in the composition formulation is at an amount effective toenhance skin penetration of the taxane nanoparticles as compared to theformulation without the volatile silicone fluid. A suitable method formeasuring penetration into CIN or cervical cancer can be by use of an invitro Franz diffusion cell (FDC) system using human cadaver skin orother suitable membrane. A suitable in vitro Franz diffusion cell systemis described in Example 9 below. In some embodiments, the one or morevolatile silicone fluid is at a concentration from 5 to 24% w/w. Inother embodiments, the concentration of the one or more volatilesilicone fluid is from 5 to 20% w/w. In other embodiments, the one ormore volatile silicone fluid is at a concentration of from 5 to 18% w/w.In still other embodiments, the concentration of the one or morevolatile silicone fluid is 13% w/w. In various embodiments, theconcentration of the one or more volatile silicone fluid can be 5, 5.5,6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5,14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5,21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, or 24% w/w or any percentage derivabletherein of the total composition weight. In various embodiments, the oneor more volatile silicone fluid is cyclomethicone. In other embodiments,the cyclomethicone is cyclopentasiloxane. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions do not contain additional penetrationenhancers. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions do notcontain laurocapram and/or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME),and/or isopropyl myristate, and/or alpha tocopherol. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions do not contain additionalvolatile solvents. In still other embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions do not contain a surfactant. In other embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include or contain alcohols,or C₁ to C₄ aliphatic alcohols, or C₁ to C₅ aliphatic alcohols. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions comprise one or more volatilesilicone fluids, but do not contain additional silicone materials. Insome embodiments, the compositions do not contain hyaluronic acid,and/or do not contain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and a taxane,and/or do not contain a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and paclitaxel. Insome embodiments, the compositions do not contain a polymer or abiodegradable polymer. In some embodiments, the compositions do notcontain a poloxamer, styrene-isobutylene-styrene (SIBS), a polyanhydridecopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, Poly(bis(P-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid, and/or poly(D, Llactic-co-glycolic acid. In various embodiments, the taxane can bepaclitaxel, docetaxel, or cabazitaxel. In some embodiments, the CIN isCIN 1. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2. In some embodiments, theCIN is CIN 3. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2/3. In someembodiments, the CIN is CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN 2/3. In some embodiments,the method further comprises placing a cervical cap over the cervixafter administration of the composition to the affected area. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are sterile. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are non-sterile. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions have a low bioburden. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solid compositions.In still other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are ointments.In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solidcompositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity of from 12,500cps to 247,500 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 150,000 cps as measured atroom temperature by a Brookfield RV viscometer using a small sampleadapter with a SC4-14 spindle and a 6R chamber at 5 rpm with anequilibration time of 2 minutes. An alternative method for performingviscosity measurements of the hydrophobic, semi-solid compositions isusing a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds. Insome embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solidcompositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity of from 25,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 25,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 50,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 50,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 75,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 75,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 300,000 cps, or from 100,000cps to 500,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 400,000 cps, or from 100,000cps to 350,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 300,000 cps using aBrookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipath on, witha T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are not sprays and are notsprayable.

In another aspect of the inventions, disclosed is a method of enhancingpenetration of taxane nanoparticles into a CIN or cervical cancer of asubject, the method comprising topically applying a hydrophobiccomposition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles to theaffected area of the CIN or cervical cancer, wherein the penetration ofthe taxane nanoparticles from the hydrophobic composition is greaterthan the penetration of taxane nanoparticles from a suspension of taxanenanoparticles in an aqueous based composition. A suitable method fordetermining penetration of taxane nanoparticles in CIN or cervicalcancer is by an in vitro Franz diffusion cell (FDC) system using humancadaver skin or other suitable membrane. A suitable in vitro Franzdiffusion cell system is described in Example 9 below. In someembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles have a mean particle size (number)from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns. In other embodiments, the taxanenanoparticles have a mean particle size (number) from 0.1 microns toless than 1 micron. In other embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles arepaclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxelnanoparticles. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic composition furthercomprises a hydrophobic carrier. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 1.In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2. In some embodiments, the CIN isCIN 3. In some embodiments, the CIN is CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, theCIN is CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN 2/3. In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises placing a cervical cap over the cervix after administration ofthe composition to the affected area.

III. Methods for the Inhibition of Crystal Growth in Formulations

In one aspect of the invention, disclosed are methods of inhibiting thegrowth of crystalline taxane nanoparticles, the method comprisingcontacting the taxane nanoparticles with a hydrophobic carrier. In someembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles,docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles. In someembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles. Inother embodiments the composition is anhydrous. In other embodiments,the hydrophobic carriers comprise a hydrocarbon. In other embodiments,the hydrocarbon is petrolatum, mineral oil, or paraffin wax, or mixturesthereof. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavy mineral oil. Insome embodiments, the compositions further comprises one or morevolatile silicone fluids. In other embodiments, the volatile siliconefluid is cyclomethicone. In other embodiments, the cyclomethicone iscyclopentasiloxane.

In another aspect of the invention, disclosed are methods of inhibitingthe growth of a dispersion of crystalline taxane nanoparticles in anaqueous based carrier, the method comprising adding poloxamer 407, aquaternary ammonium compound, or a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer tothe aqueous based carrier at the time of manufacture. In someembodiments, the additive is poloxamer 407. In various embodiments, thequaternary ammonium compound is the additive and is benzalkoniumchloride or benzethonium chloride. In some embodiments, the quaternaryammonium compound is benzalkonium chloride. In some embodiments, thecross-linked acrylic acid polymer is the additive and is Carbomer. Insome embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles,docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles.

IV. Topical Treatment Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) andCervical Cancer

The methods of the invention include methods of treatment of cervicalintraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and/or cervical cancer in asubject/patient by topically administering to the affected area (topicaltherapy) compositions disclosed herein comprising taxanes, therebytreating the CIN and/or cervical cancer. The “affected area” of CIN orcervical cancer includes the area of the cervical epithelium includingthe ectocervix, squamocolumnar junction, and/or endocervix where one ormore CIN lesions or cervical cancer tumors are detectable by cytologicdiagnosis (e.g., Pap smear), colposcopy, and/or histological assessmentof a cervical biopsy. The affected area can include areas of thecervical epithelium in the proximity of the one or more lesions likelyto contain undetectable preclinical lesions. The composition can betopically applied directly to the cervical epithelium including theectocervix, squamocolumnar junction, and/or endocervix. In someembodiments, the composition is applied to the ectocervix. In someembodiments, the composition is applied to the squamocolumnar junction.In some embodiments, the composition is applied to the endocervix. Insome embodiments, the composition is applied to the ectocervix,squamocolumnar junction, or endocervix, or a combination thereof. Thecomposition can be applied by a medical practitioner or nurse using agloved hand, spatula, or other means of cervical administration. Anappropriately sized cervical cap can be placed over the cervix afteradministration of the composition to maintain localization of theformulation to the cervix for the treatment period. The cervical cap canbe removed at any time during the treatment period to inspect the cervixand then can be re-applied if further treatment is needed or can bepermanently removed.

The compositions can be topically administered to CIN that has beenhistologically assessed (cervical biopsy) as CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, or CIN2/3, or combinations thereof, using the following criteria:

CIN 1: Mild dysplasia or mild dyskaryosis. Good maturation of cellsthrough the depth of the cervical epithelium, with minimal nuclearabnormalities and few mitotic figures. Undifferentiated cells areconfined to the deeper/lower third of the epithelium. Mitotic figuresare not very numerous. Cytopathic changes due to HPV infection may beobserved in the full thickness of the epithelium.CIN 2: Moderate dysplasia or moderate dyskaryosis. Dysplastic changesmostly restricted to the lower half or two-thirds of the epithelium,with more marked nuclear abnormalities than CIN 1. Mitotic figures areseen through the lower half of the epithelium.CIN 3: Severe dysplasia or severe dyskaryosis. Differentiation andstratification may be totally absent or present only in the superficialquarter of the epithelium with numerous mitotic figures. Nuclearabnormalities extend throughout the thickness of the epithelium. Manymitotic figures have abnormal forms.CIN 2/3: Features of both CIN 2 and CIN 3.

The compositions can be topically administered to CIN that has beengiven a histological classification (i.e., CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, and/orCIN 2/3) after colposcopic examination using scoring of the modifiedReid Colposcopic Index (RCI) (see Table 21 below). The overall RCI scorecan predictively correlate to a histological diagnosis based onguidelines from the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer(2017) as follows: A score of 0-2 is likely CIN 1. A score of 3-4 islikely CIN 1 or CIN 2. A score of 5-8 is likely CIN 2 or CIN 3.

The compositions can be topically administered to CIN that has beencytologically assessed as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions(LSIL) or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL).

The compositions can be topically administered to cervical cancer tumorsthat have been classified as any of the following stages:

Stage I (stage 1 cervical cancer): In stage I cervical cancer, thecancer is confined to the cervix, but has not spread beyond it. Thisstage is further separated into subcategories:Stage IA1: There is a very small amount of cancer, less than 3 mm deep(about ⅛-inch) and less than 7 mm wide, that can only be seen under amicroscope.Stage IA2: The cancer is between 3 mm and 5 mm (about ⅕-inch) deep andless than 7 mm (about ¼-inch) wide.Stage IB1: The cancer can be seen without a microscope, but it is notlarger than 4 cm (about 1⅗ inches).Stage IB2: The cancer can be seen without a microscope and measuresgreater than 4 cm.Stage II (stage 2 cervical cancer): Stage II cervical cancer means thatthe cancer has grown beyond the cervix and uterus but has not reachedthe walls of the pelvis or the lower part of the vagina. In this stageof cervical cancer, the disease has not spread to lymph nodes or distantsites. Stage II has two additional subcategories:Stage IIA: The cancer has not spread into the tissues next to thecervix, the parametria, but it may have grown into the upper part of thevagina.Stage IIB: The cancer has spread into the tissues next to the cervix,the parametria.Stage III (stage 3 cervical cancer): Stage III cervical cancer meansthat the cancer has spread to the lower part of the vagina or the wallsof the pelvis, but not to distant sites. This stage is separated intotwo subcategories:Stage IIIA: The cancer has spread to the lower part of the vagina or thewalls of the pelvis. The cancer may be blocking the ureters (tubes thatcarry urine from the kidneys to the bladder). It may have spread to thelymph nodes.Stage IIIB: The cancer has grown into the walls of the pelvis and/or hasblocked both ureters, but it has not spread to distant sites.Stage IV (stage 4 cervical cancer): In this cervical cancer stage, thedisease has spread to nearby organs or other parts of the body. Stage IVis separated into two subcategories:Stage IVA: The cancer has spread to the bladder or rectum, but not todistant sites.Stage IVB: The cancer has spread to organs beyond the pelvis, such asthe lungs or liver.

The amount of the hydrophobic composition topically applied to theaffected area of the CIN or cervical cancer can vary depending on thesize of the affected area/number of CIN lesions or cervical cancertumors, and the concentration of the paclitaxel in the composition, butgenerally a quantity of ≤1 ml can be applied.

The dosing of the composition can vary, but generally can include dailyor weekly administrations until a therapeutic improvement or eliminationof the CIN or cervical cancer is achieved.

In some embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel. In other embodiments, thetaxane is docetaxel or cabazitaxel. In some aspects, the compositionsare hydrophobic and can comprise a hydrophobic carrier. In otheraspects, the compositions are aqueous based compositions and cancomprise an aqueous carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier isanhydrous. In some embodiments, the taxanes are a plurality of taxanenanoparticles. In some embodiments, the plurality of taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the compositions. In other aspects,the taxanes are solubilized in the compositions.

A preferred method for the topical treatment of CIN or cervical cancerin a subject need of treatment comprises topically administering to anaffected area of the subject a hydrophobic composition comprising acontinuous hydrophobic carrier, one or more volatile silicone fluids,and a plurality of taxane nanoparticles, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the composition, wherein the meanparticle size (number) of the taxane nanoparticles is from 0.1 micronsto 1.5 microns or from 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron, and whereinthe concentration of the taxane nanoparticles is at an amount effectiveto provide a therapeutic improvement (treatment) in the condition of theCIN or cervical cancer. In some embodiments, the taxane nanoparticlesare paclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxelnanoparticles. In some embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles, includingpaclitaxel nanoparticles, docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxelnanoparticles, have a mean particle size (number) of from 0.01 micronsto 1.5 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.01microns to 1 micron, or from 0.01 microns to less than 1 micron, or from0.01 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.01 microns to 0.8 microns, orfrom 0.01 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns, orfrom 0.1 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.1 microns to 1 micron, orfrom 0.1 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.1 microns to 0.9microns, or from 0.1 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.1 to 0.7 microns,or from 0.2 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 1.2 microns,or from 0.2 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.2 microns to less than 1micron, or from 0.2 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.2 microns to 0.8microns, or from 0.2 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 1.5microns, or from 0.3 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 1micron, or from 0.3 microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.3 micronsto 0.9 microns, or from 0.3 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.3 micronsto 0.7 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.4 micronsto 1.2 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.4 microns toless than 1 micron, or from 0.4 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.4microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.4 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.5microns to 1.5 microns, or from 0.5 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.5microns to 1 micron, or from 0.5 microns to less than 1 micron, or from0.5 microns to 0.9 microns, or from 0.5 microns to 0.8 microns, or form0.5 microns to 0.7 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 1.5 microns, or from0.6 microns to 1.2 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 1 micron, or from 0.6microns to less than 1 micron, or from 0.6 microns to 0.9 microns, orfrom 0.6 microns to 0.8 microns, or from 0.6 microns to 0.7 microns. Inother embodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxelnanoparticles. In some embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles have anSSA of at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22,at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, atleast 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least33, at least 34, or at least 35 m²/g. In other embodiments, thepaclitaxel nanoparticles have an SSA of 18 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 20 m²/gto 50 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 50 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to50 m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 45m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 45 m²/g, or 18 m²/g to 40m²/g, or 20 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 22 m²/g to 40 m²/g, or 25 m²/g to 40m²/g, or 30 m²/g to 40 m²/g. In some embodiments, the paclitaxelnanoparticles have a bulk density (not-tapped) of 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.15g/cm³, or 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.20 g/cm³. In various embodiments, thehydrophobic carriers are non-polar and/or non-volatile. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise a hydrocarbon. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic carriers comprise petrolatum, mineral oil,and paraffin. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is heavy mineral oil.In some embodiments, the volatile silicone fluid is at a concentrationof from 5 to 24% w/w. In other embodiments, the volatile silicone fluidis at a concentration of from 5 to 20% w/w. In other embodiments, thevolatile silicone fluid is at a concentration of from 5 to 18% w/w. Inother embodiments, the concentration of the volatile silicone fluid is13% w/w. In some embodiments, the volatile silicone fluid iscyclomethicone. In other embodiments, the cyclomethicone iscyclopentasiloxane. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic compositionsare free of/do not include or contain additional penetration enhancers.In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are free of/do notinclude or contain laurocapram, and/or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether(DGME), and/or isopropyl myristate, and/or alpha tocopherol. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include orcontain additional volatile solvents. In other embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include or contain asurfactant. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are freeof/do not include or contain alcohols, C₁-C₄ aliphatic alcohols, or C₁to C₅ aliphatic alcohols. In some embodiments, the hydrophobiccompositions comprise one or more volatile silicone fluids, but do notcontain additional silicone materials. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic compositions are free of/do not include hyaluronic acid;and/or are free of/do not include a conjugate of hyaluronic acid and ataxane; and/or are free of/do not include a conjugate of hyaluronic acidand paclitaxel; and/or are free of/do not include a polymer or abiodegradeable polymer; and/or are free of/do not include a poloxamer,styrene-isobutylene-styrene (SIBS), a polyanhydride copolymer,polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, Poly(bis(P-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid, and/or poly(D, Llactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).

The concentration of the taxane nanoparticles is at an amount effectiveto treat the CIN or cervical cancer. Treatment of CIN provides atherapeutic improvement (treatment) in the condition of the CIN. Thisimprovement can be indicated by one or more of the following scenarios:(a) a lowering of the histological grade as determined by histologicalassessment of a cervical biopsy; (b) a lowering of the cytological gradeas determined by a cytological diagnosis; (c) a lowering of the modifiedReid Colposcopic Index (RCI) score as determined by colposcopicexamination; (d) a reduction in size of the CIN lesion(s), measured as areduction of the longest diameter of the lesion, or sum of longestdiameters of the lesions; (e) complete elimination of the CIN lesion(s);(f) a reduction or elimination of pain. Treatment of cervical cancerprovides one or more of the following: (a) reducing a cervical cancertumor size; (b) reducing a cervical cancer tumor growth; (c) reducing orlimiting development and/or spreading of metastases, or eliminatingmetastases; (d) eliminating a cervical cancer tumor; (e) reducing oreliminating pain.

The concentration of the taxane nanoparticles can be from 0.05 to 10%w/w, or the concentration of the taxane nanoparticles can be from 0.05to 5% w/w, or the concentration of the taxane nanoparticles can be from0.1 to 5% w/w, or the concentration of the taxane nanoparticles can be0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9,1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.75, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1,2.2, 2.25, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.75, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.25,3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.75, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.25, 4.3, 4.4,4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.75, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% w/w or anypercentage derivable therein of the total composition weight. In someembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles,docetaxel nanoparticles, or cabazitaxel nanoparticles. In otherembodiments, the taxane nanoparticles are paclitaxel nanoparticles. Insome embodiments, the paclitaxel nanoparticles are at a concentration ofabout 0.05 to less than 3% w/w, or about 0.05 to about 2% w/w, or about0.05 to about 1% w/w, or about 0.05 to about 0.3% w/w, or about 0.05 toabout 0.2% w/w, or about 0.05 to about 0.15% w/w, or about 0.1 to about2% w/w, or about 0.1 to about 1% w/w, or about 0.1 to about 0.3% w/w, orabout 0.1 to about 0.2% w/w, or about 0.15 to about 2% w/w, or about0.15 to about 1% w/w, or about 0.15 to about 0.3% w/w, or about 0.3 toabout 2% w/w, or about 0.3 to about 1% w/w, or about 1 to about 2% w/w,or about 0.2 to about 0.4% w/w, or about 0.5 to about 1.5% w/w, or about1.5 to about 2.5% w/w in the compositions. In other embodiments, theconcentration of the paclitaxel nanoparticles is 80 to 120% of 1% w/w(i.e., 0.8 to 1.2% w/w), or 80 to 120% of 0.05% w/w, or 80 to 120% of0.1% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.15% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.2% w/w, or 80to 120% of 0.25% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.3% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.35%w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.4% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.45% w/w, or 80 to120% of 0.5% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.55% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.6% w/w,or 80 to 120% of 0.65% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.7% w/w, or 80 to 120% of0.75% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.8% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.85% w/w, or 80to 120% of 0.9% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 0.95% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 1.5%w/w, or 80 to 120% of 2% w/w, or 80 to 120% of 2.5% w/w.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are sterile. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are non-sterile. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions have a low bioburden. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are anhydrous. In someembodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solid compositions.In still other embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are ointments.In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are semi-solidcompositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity of from 12,500cps to 247,500 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 150,000 cps as measured atroom temperature by a Brookfield RV viscometer using a small sampleadapter with a SC4-14 spindle and a 6R chamber at 5 rpm with anequilibration time of 2 minutes. The compositions can be spreadable orflowable when being applied to an affected area. An alternative methodfor performing viscosity measurements of the hydrophobic, semi-solidcompositions is using a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath standwith the helipath on, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperaturefor 45 seconds. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions aresemi-solid compositions, including ointments, and have a viscosity offrom 25,000 cps to 500,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 400,000 cps, orfrom 25,000 cps to 350,000 cps, or from 25,000 cps to 300,000 cps, orfrom 50,000 cps to 500,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 400,000 cps, orfrom 50,000 cps to 350,000 cps, or from 50,000 cps to 300,000 cps, orfrom 75,000 cps to 500,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 400,000 cps, orfrom 75,000 cps to 350,000 cps, or from 75,000 cps to 300,000 cps, orfrom 100,000 cps to 500,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 400,000 cps, orfrom 100,000 cps to 350,000 cps, or from 100,000 cps to 300,000 cpsusing a Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds. Insome embodiments, the hydrophobic compositions are not sprays and arenot sprayable. In some embodiments, the compositions are not drypowders. In some embodiments, the compositions do not solely include thetaxane nanoparticles.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be described in greater detail by way ofspecific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrativepurposes only, and are not intended to limit the invention in anymanner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety ofnoncritical parameters, which can be changed or modified to yieldessentially the same results.

Example 1—Solubility of Paclitaxel in Various Solvents

The solubility of paclitaxel was determined in various solvents by thefollowing method: (a) for each solvent, about 2 g of the solvent wasweighed into a clear glass vial, (b) approximately 0.1 g of paclitaxelwas added to each vial, (c) each vial was mixed with a stir bar on amagnetic stirrer for 2 hours at room temperature, (d) each vial was thenchecked every 1-2 hours to see if the solution became clear. If yes, anadditional approximately 0.1 g of paclitaxel was added to the vial andmixing was continued. Step “d” was continued for each vial for a totalof 48 hours.

The solution from each vial was measured for paclitaxel concentrationusing an HPLC method based on Agilent Technical Application Note forPaclitaxel “Analysis of Taxol by HPLC”, 2002, and modified to use a 227nm detection wavelength, rather than 204 nm (the 227 nm wavelength isused in the USP paclitaxel monograph, and reduces the solvent effectsseen at lower wavelengths).

The solubility values are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Paclitaxel Solubility Solvent at RT Hexylene Glycol 4.07% w/wDiethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether, NF 33.10% w/w  (TRANSCUTOL P)Propylene Carbonate 4.74% w/w Super Refined Oleic Acid, NF 0.041% w/w Super Refined Oleyl Alcohol, NF 0.38% w/w Diisopropyl Adipate (CERAPHYL230) 3.51% w/w Medium Chain Triglycerides, NF 0.32% w/w PropyleneGlycol, USP 0.88% w/w Polyethylene Glycol 400, NF 22.30% w/w  BenzylAlcohol, NF 17.02% w/w  Isopropyl Myristate, NF 0.048% w/w  Mineral Oil,USP (heavy) 0.3 ppm Dimethyl Isosorbide 38.22% w/w  Purified Water, USP

Example 2 Observations of Paclitaxel Nanoparticle Crystals in VariousSubstances and Solutions of Substances

Paclitaxel nanoparticles were dispersed in various substances andaqueous solutions of substances and observed for crystal growth. Theresults are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Visual observation by light microscopy- Substance ConcentrationNeedle shaped crystals observed? Aqueous Based Carriers Purified Water100% Yes, >5 μm, @ 5 days, RT & 60 C. Polysorbate 80 0.5% in water Yes,<5 μm @ 22 days, RT & 60 C. PEG 400 10% in water Yes, >5 μm @ 22 days,RT & 60 C. Benzalkonium 2% in water No, <5 μm @ 7 days & 21 days, RTchloride (50%) Magnesium nitrate 5% in water Yes, >5 μm @ 3 days, RTMannitol 5% in water Yes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT Sorbitol 5% in waterYes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT Povidone 1% in water Yes, <5 μm @ 7 days & 21days, RT Lecithin 1% in water Yes, >10 μm, @ 24 hrs, RT Sodium lauryl 2%in water Yes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT sulfate Ammonium lauryl 2% in waterYes, >5 μm @ 3 days, RT sulfate Aluminum sulfate 0.1-0.2% in waterYes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT Sodium phosphate 0.75% in water Yes, >5 μm, @ 7days, RT monobasic Zinc acetate 1.2% in water Yes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RTProline 3% in water Yes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT Hydroxyethyl 1% in waterYes, >5 μm, @ 7 days, RT cellulose CARBOPOL 0.5% in water No, <5 μm, @ 8days & 21 days, RT ULTREZ 10 (with Ammonium hydroxide as neutralizer)Hydroxypropyl 1% in water Yes, >5 μm @ 3 days, RT methylcellulose Saline0.9% NaCl in water Yes, >10 μm, @ 7 days , RT & 60 C. Polysorbate 800.5% in Saline Yes, >5 μm @ 7 days, RT & 60 C. Poloxamer 407 2% in waterNo, <5 μm @ 5 & 7 days, RT Poloxamer 188 2% in water Yes, >5 μm @ 7days, RT Polyoxyl 40 1% in water Yes, <5 μm @ 6 days, RT HydrogenatedCastor Oil (KOLLIPHOR RH40) Vitamin E TPGS 0.5% in water Yes, <5 μm @ 6days, RT Hydrophobic Carriers Mineral Oil USP 100% No, <5 μm @ 3 days,RT & 40 C. (heavy) Light Mineral 100% No, <5 μm @ 3 days, RT & 40 C. OilNF FOMBLIN HC04 100% No, <5 μm @ 4, 7 & 13 days, RT ST-Cyclomethicone100% No, <5 μm @ 24 hrs & 13 days, RT 5 NF Dimethicone, 100% No, <5 μm @24 hrs & 6 days, RT 1000 cSt Castor Oil 100% No, <5 μm @ 24 hrs & 9days, RT

The paclitaxel nanoparticle crystals did not grow in any of thehydrophobic carriers. Also, the nanoparticles did not grow in aqueoussolutions of benzalkonium chloride, CARBOPOL ULTREZ 10, or poloxamer407.

Example 3 Particle Size, SSA, and Bulk Density Analysis of PaclitaxelNanoparticles

The particle size of the paclitaxel nanoparticle lots used in theformulas listed in Table 3 and Tables 16-19 were analyzed by thefollowing particle size method using an ACCUSIZER 780:

Instrument parameters: Max. Concentration: 9000 particles/mL, No.containers: 1, Sensor Range: Summation, Lower Detection Limit: 0.5 μm,Flow Rate: 30 mL/min, No. Analysis pulls: 4, Time between pulls: 1 sec,Pull volume: 10 mL, Tare Volume: 1 mL, Prime volume: 1 mL, Include FirstPull: Not Selected.

Sample preparation: Placed a scoop of paclitaxel nanoparticle API into aclean 20 mL vial and added approximately 3 mL of a filtered (0.22 μm)0.1% w/w solution of SDS to wet the API, then filled the remainder ofthe vial with the SDS solution. Vortexed for 5-10 minutes and sonicatedin a water batch for 1 minute.

Method: Filled a plastic bottle with filtered (0.22 μm) 0.1% w/w SDSsolution and analyzed the Background. Pipetted a small amount of thepaclitaxel nanoparticles sample suspension, <100 μL, into the bottle of0.1% w/w SDS solution while stirring; placed the ACCUSIZER inlet tubeinto the bottle and ran sample through instrument. As necessary, addedmore SDS solution or paclitaxel sample suspension to reach a desired runconcentration of 6000-8000 particle count.

Particles size results (based on number-weighted differentialdistribution): Paclitaxel nanoparticles lot used in formulas listed inTable 3: Mean: 0.861 μm, Mode: 0.572 μm, Median: 0.710 μm. Paclitaxelnanoparticles lot used in formulas listed in Tables 16-19: Mean: 0.83μm.

The specific surface area (SSA) of the paclitaxel nanoparticles lotsused in the formulas listed in Table 3 and Tables 16-19 were analyzed bythe Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (“BET”) isotherm method described above. Thepaclitaxel nanoparticles lot used in the formulas listed in Table 3 hadan SSA of 41.24 m²/g. The paclitaxel nanoparticles lot used in theformulas listed in Tables 16-19 had an SSA of 26.72 m²/g.

The bulk density (not-tapped) of the paclitaxel nanoparticles lot usedin the formulas listed in Table 3 was 0.05 g/cm³. The bulk density(not-tapped) of the paclitaxel nanoparticles lot used in the formulaslisted in Tables 16-19 was 0.09 g/cm³.

Example 4 Anhydrous Hydrophobic Compositions of Paclitaxel Nanoparticleswith Hydrophobic Carriers

Anhydrous hydrophobic compositions of paclitaxel nanoparticles withhydrophobic carriers are listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Component Formula Number (% w/w) F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12F13 A B C Paclitaxel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5Particles FOMBLIN — — — 15.0  — — — — — — — — — HC04 Mineral Oil USP10.0  — 5.0 — 5.0 5.0 — — — — — — — ST- — 5.0 13.0  — 13.0  13.0  13.0 13.0  18.0  15.0  qs ad qs ad qs ad Cyclomethicone 100 100 100 5 NF(DowCorning) Oleyl Alcohol — 5.0 — — — — — 1.0 — — — — 5.0 Isopropyl — 5.0 —— — — 5.0 1.0 — 3.0 — 35   5.0 Myristate NF Dimethicone — — — — — — — —— — 5.0 5.0 5.0 Fumed Silica — — — — — — — — — — 5.5 5.5 2.8 Cetostearyl— — — — — — — — 0.5 — — — — Alcohol NF Paraffin 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.05.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 — — — Wax NF White qs ad qs ad qs ad qs ad qs ad qs adqs ad qs ad qs ad qs ad — — — Petrolatum 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 USP (Spectrum)

Procedure for F4-F13: Prepared a slurry of the paclitaxel nanoparticleswith a portion of the cyclomethicone (or mineral oil (F4) or FOMBLIN(F7)). Heated the petrolatum to 52±3° C. and added the remainingingredients and mixed until melted and homogeneous. Added the paclitaxelslurry and mixed until homogenous. Mixed and allowed the batch to coolto 35° C. or below. An ointment was formed.

Example 5 Physical and Chemical Stability of Anhydrous Compositions ofPaclitaxel Nanoparticles with Hydrophobic Carriers

The anhydrous hydrophobic composition samples were stored at 25° C. and30° C. in 20 mL glass scintillation vials. The assay of paclitaxel wasconducted using HPLC. The results of the assay and appearance stabilitystudies are shown in Table 4 and Table 5 below. The viscosity wasmeasured at room temperature with a Brookfield RV viscometer using asmall sample adapter with a SC4-14 spindle and a 6R chamber at 5 rpmwith an equilibration time of 2 minutes. The viscosity results are shownin Table 6 below.

TABLE 4 Stability at 25° C. Assay (% of target) Appearance Formula T = 01 month 2 month 3 month T = 0 1 month 2 month 3 month F4 95.3 99.6 100.399.5 Off-white Off-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow toyellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F5 98.2 101.7 101.0 100.9Off-white Off-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow to yellow toyellow ointment ointment ointment F6 97.2 100.5 97.9 98.4 Off-whiteOff-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow to yellow to yellowointment ointment ointment F6** 98.0 98.5 100.2 NP Off-white Off-whiteOff-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F8107.6 100.5 101.1 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow toyellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F9 95.6 98.3 101.2 NPOff-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointmentointment ointment F10 98.6 103.8 101.2 NP Off-white Off-white Off-whiteNP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F11 99.899.8 100.9 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellow toyellow ointment ointment ointment F12 98.7 98.3 99.1 NP Off-whiteOff-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointmentointment F13 96.5 93.9 96.0 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP toyellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment **repeat batch

TABLE 5 Stability at 30° C. Assay (% of target) Appearance Formula T = 01 month 2 month 3 month T = 0 1 month 2 month 3 month F4 95.3 99.5 100.199.7 Off-white Off-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow toyellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F5 98.2 103.2 101.3 99.2Off-white Off-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow to yellow toyellow ointment ointment ointment F6 97.2 102.1 98.0 95.0 Off-whiteOff-white Off-white Off-white ointment to yellow to yellow to yellowointment ointment ointment F6** 98.0 98.7 102.0 NP Off-white Off-whiteOff-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F8107.6 99.9 103.0 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellowto yellow ointment ointment ointment F9 95.6 101.4 101.9 NP Off-whiteOff-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointmentointment F10 98.6 100.9 102.9 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP toyellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment F11 99.8 99.8 99.1NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellowointment ointment ointment F12 98.7 99.8 99.5 NP Off-white Off-whiteOff-white NP to yellow to yellow to yellow ointment ointment ointmentF13 96.5 95.6 96.5 NP Off-white Off-white Off-white NP to yellow toyellow to yellow ointment ointment ointment **repeat batch

TABLE 6 Viscosity Stability Viscosity (cps) F4 F5 F6 F7 T = 0 87,50044,300 49,500 81,800 1 month @ 90,300 68,800 57,000 NP 25° C. 3 month @101,000 47,800 38,000 NP 25° C. 1 month @ 123,300 49,300 50,800 NP 30°C. 2 month @ 112,300 53,500 38,000 NP 30° C. 3 month @ 121,300 60,50054,000 NP 30° C.

Example 6 Particle Size Analysis of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles inAnhydrous Compositions with Hydrophobic Carriers

Particle Size Method Using an ACCUSIZER Model 770/770A.

Instrument parameters: Sensor: LE 0.5 μm-400 μm, Sensor Range:Summation, Lower Detection Limit: 0.5 μm, Collection time: 60 sec,Number Channels: 128, Vessel Fluid Vol: 100 mL, Flow Rate: 60 mL/min,Max Coincidence: 8000 particles/mL, Sample Vessel: Accusizer Vessel,Sample Calculation: None, Voltage Detector: greater than 10 V, ParticleConcentration Calculation: No, Concentration Range: 5000 to 8000particles/mL, Automatic Data Saving: Selected, Subtract Background: Yes,Number of Autocycles: 1.

Sample Preparation: Added an aliquot of the sample formulation into ascintillation vial. Using a spatula, smeared the sample along the innerwalls of the vial. Added about 20 mL of 2% Lecithin in ISOPAR-G™ (C10-11isoparaffin) solution to the vial. Sonicated the vial for 1 minute.Insured that the sample had adequately dispersed in the solution.

Method: Filled the sample vessel with a filtered (0.22 μm) 2% Lecithinin ISOPAR-G solution and analyzed the background. Using a pipette,transferred a portion of the prepared sample to the vessel whilestirring. Diluted or added sample to the vessel as necessary to providea coincidence level between 5000 to 8000 particles/mL. Initiated theanalysis through the instrument and verified that the coincidence levelwas 5000 to 8000 particles/mL for the analysis.

The results of the particle size analysis are shown in Table 7 and Table8 below.

TABLE 7 Particle size stability at 25° C. Mean particle size, μm(number) 1 3 6 12 Formula Initial month month month month F4 0.77 0.71NP NP NP F5 0.72 0.71 NP NP NP F6 0.72 0.71 NP 0.71 0.72 F6** 0.70 NP0.70 NP NP F8 0.71 NP 0.71 NP NP F9 0.70 NP 0.70 NP NP F10 0.69 NP 0.69NP NP F11 0.69 NP 0.69 NP NP F12 0.70 NP 0.70 NP NP F13 0.69 NP 0.70 NPNP A 0.72 NP NP NP NP B 0.77 NP NP NP NP C 0.84 NP NP NP NP **repeatbatch

TABLE 8 Particle size stability at 30° C. Mean particle size, μm(number) 1 3 6 12 Formula Initial month month month month F4 0.77 0.73NP NP NP F5 0.72 0.70 NP NP NP F6 0.72 0.70 NP 0.70 0.73 F6** 0.70 NP0.72 NP NP F8 0.71 NP 0.71 NP NP F9 0.70 NP 0.71 NP NP F10 0.69 NP 0.69NP NP F11 0.69 NP 0.70 NP NP F12 0.70 NP 0.71 NP NP F13 0.69 NP 0.71 NPNP **repeat batch

As can be seen by the data, the particle size of paclitaxelnanoparticles in samples F4 through F6 did not grow larger than 20% ofthe initial mean particle size when stored at room temperature (25° C.)and at 30° C. for 1 month. The particle size of paclitaxel nanoparticlesin sample F6 did not grow larger than 20% of the initial mean particlesize when stored at room temperature (25° C.) and at 30° C. for 6 monthsand for 12 months. The particle size of paclitaxel nanoparticles insamples F6**(repeat batch with the same formula as F6) and F8 throughF13 did not grow larger than 20% of the initial mean particle size whenstored at room temperature (25° C.) and at 30° C. for 3 months.

Example 7 Aqueous Based Compositions of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles

Aqueous based compositions of paclitaxel nanoparticles are shown inTable 9.

TABLE 9 Component Formula Number (% w/w) F1 F2 F3 D E F G H PaclitaxelParticles 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 DGME (TRANSCUTOL P) 5.0 5.0 —5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 PEG 400 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Glycerin10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Polysorbate 80 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.10.1 0.1 0.1 Poloxamer 407 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — — — — Povidone K90 0.15 0.150.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Benzyl Alcohol 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — — — —Methylparaben 0.15 0.15 0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15 Propylparaben0.02 0.02 0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02 Benzalkonium — 1.0 1.0 — —0.1 0.1 — Chloride (50%) CARBOPOL 974 P — — —  0.75 — — — — CARBOPOLULTREZ 10 0.5 — — — 0.5 — — — Trolamine qs pH — — qs pH qs pH — — —Solution (10%) 5.5 5.5 5.5 Hydroxypropyl — 1.0 1.0 — — 2.0 — —Methylcellulose (K200M Pharm) Purified Water qs ad qs ad qs ad qs ad qsad qs ad qs ad qs ad 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Samples were observed for crystal growth of the paclitaxelnanoparticles. The results are shown in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 Formula Visual observation by light microscopy- Number Needleshaped crystals observed? D No, <5 μm @ 24 hrs & 6 days, RT E No, <5 μm@ 24 hrs & 6 days, RT F No, <5 μm @ 24 hrs & 6 days, RT G No, <5 μm @ 24hrs & 6 days, RT H Yes, >5 μm @ 24 hrs & 6 days, RT

As can be seen by the data, the presence of benzalkonium chloride,CARBOPOL 974P, or CARBOPOL ULTREZ 10 inhibited the growth of crystals inthe aqueous based compositions.

Example 8 Particle Size Analysis of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles in AqueousBased Compositions

Particle Size Method Using an ACCUSIZER Model 770/770A.

Instrument parameters: Sensor: LE 0.5 μm-400 μm, Sensor Range:Summation, Lower Detection Limit: 0.5 μm, Collection time: 60 sec,Number Channels: 128, Vessel Fluid Vol: 100 mL, Flow Rate: 60 mL/min,Max Coincidence: 8000 particles/mL, Sample Vessel: Accusizer Vessel,Sample Calculation: None, Voltage Detector: greater than 10 V, ParticleConcentration Calculation: No, Concentration Range: 5000 to 8000particles/mL, Automatic Data Saving: Selected, Subtract Background: Yes,Number of Autocycles: 1.

Sample Preparation: Added an aliquot of the sample formulation into ascintillation vial. Using a spatula, smeared the sample along the innerwalls of the vial. Added about 20 mL of 0.2 μm filtered distilled waterto the vial. Sonicated the vial for 1 minute. Insured that the samplehad adequately dispersed in the solution.

Method: Filled the sample vessel with 0.2 μm filtered distilled waterand analyzed the background. Using a pipette, transferred a portion ofthe prepared sample to the vessel while stirring. Diluted or addedsample to the vessel as necessary to provide a coincidence level between5000 to 8000 particles/mL. Initiated the analysis through the instrumentand verified that the coincidence level was 5000 to 8000 particles/mLfor the analysis.

The results of the particle size analysis are shown in Table 11 below.

TABLE 11 Particle size of aqueous based compositions Mean particle size,μm (number) Formula Initial 6 month at RT F1 1.06 0.82 F2 0.74 0.77 F30.70 0.77 D 0.80 NP E 0.79 NP F 0.85 NP

As can be seen by the data of formulas F1, F2, and F3 in Table 11, thepresence of benzalkonium chloride, CARBOPOL 974P, or CARBOPOL ULTREZ 10inhibited the growth of crystals in the aqueous based compositions suchthat the mean particle size of the drug nanoparticles did not growlarger than 20% of the initial mean particle size when the compositionwas stored at room temperature for 6 months.

Example 9 In Vitro Skin Penetration Diffusion Study

A study to determine the rate and extent of in vitro skin permeation ofthe formulas F1 through F13 into and through intact human cadaver skinusing a Franz diffusion cell system was conducted. Concentrations ofpaclitaxel were measured in the receptor chamber of the diffusion cellat varying time points. Upon conclusion of the diffusion study, the skinwas tape stripped and split into epidermal and dermal layers. Thepaclitaxel in the epidermal and dermal tissue was extracted using anextraction solvent and also analyzed.

Analytical Method: A Mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed foranalyzing the paclitaxel. The MS conditions were as follows in Table 12below.

TABLE 12 Agilent 1956B MS (TM-EQ- Instrument: 011) Column: XBridge C184.6 × 100 mm, 5μm Mobile Phase: A: Acetonitrile B: 0.1% Formic acid inwater Gradient: Time (minutes) % B 0 50% 2  5% 5  5% Flow Rate: 1 mL/minColumn 30° C. Temperature: MS Detection: SIM 854.4 + Frag 180, Gain 20Injection Volume: 20 μL Retention time: ~2.86 min

Franz Diffusion Cell (FDC) Study—Methodology

Skin Preparation: Intact human cadaver skin was purchased from New YorkFirefighters Tissue Bank (NFFTB). The skin was collected from the upperback and dermatomed by the tissue bank to a thickness of ˜500 μm. Uponreceipt of the skin from the tissue bank, the skin was stored frozen at−20° C. until the morning of the experiment. Prior to use, the skin wasremoved from the freezer and allowed to fully thaw at room temperature.The skin was then briefly soaked in a PBS bath to remove any residualcryoprotectants and preservatives. Only areas of the skin that werevisually intact were used during the experiment. For each study, twoseparate donors were used, each donor having a corresponding threereplicates.

Receptor Fluid Preparation: Based on the results of preliminarysolubility data, a receptor fluid of 96 wt % phosphate buffered saline(“PBS”) at pH 7.4 and 4 wt % hydroxyl propyl beta cyclodextrin (HPBCD)was chosen. The solubility of the active in the receptor fluid (˜0.4μg/mL) was shown to be adequate to maintain sink conditions during thestudies. The receptor fluid was degassed by filtering the receptor fluidthrough a ZapCap CR 0.2 μm membrane while pulling vacuum. The filteredreceptor fluid was stirred for an additional 20 minutes whilemaintaining vacuum to ensure complete degassing.

Diffusion Cell Assembly: The cadaver skin was removed from the freezerand allowed to defrost in a bio-safety hood for 30 minutes. The skin wasthoroughly defrosted prior to opening the package. The cadaver skin wasremoved from the package and placed on the bio-safety hood countertopwith the stratum corneum side up. The skin was patted dry with a KimWipe, then sprayed with fresh PBS and patted dry again. This process wasrepeated 3 more times to remove any residues present on the skin. Thereceptor wells were then filled with the degassed receptor fluid. ATeflon coated stir bar was added to each receptor well. The defrostedcadaver skin was examined and only areas with even thickness and novisible damage to the surface were used. The skin was cut into ˜2 cm×2cm squares. The skin piece was centered on the donor wells, stratumcorneum (SC) side up. The skin was centered and the edges flattened out.The donor and receptor wells were then aligned and clamped together witha clamp. Additional receptor fluid was added where necessary. Any airbubbles present were removed by tilting the cell, allowing air to escapealong the sample port. Diffusion cells were then placed in to thestirring dry block heaters and allowed to rehydrate for 20 minutes fromthe receptor fluid. The block heaters were maintained at 32° C.throughout the experiment with continuous stirring. The skin was allowedto hydrate for 20 minutes and the barrier integrity of each skin sectionwas tested. Once the membrane integrity check study was complete, theentire receptor chamber volume was replaced with the receptor fluid.

Formulation Application Procedure: The formulations were applied to thestratum corneum of the skin. A one-time dosing regimen was used for thisstudy. The test articles were applied as 10 μl doses to the skin using apositive displacement Nichiryo pipetter. The formulations were thenspread across the surface of the skin using a glass rod. Cells were leftuncapped during the experiment. The theoretical dose of paclitaxel percell is shown in Table 13 below.

TABLE 13 % w/w Nominal Theoretical Formula Paclitaxel in formulationdose Paclitaxel Number formula per cell dose per cell F1 1.0 wt % 10□1182□g/cm² F2 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F3 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F4 1.0wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F5 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F6 1.0 wt % 10□1182□g/cm² F7 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F6* 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F8 0.5wt % 10□1 91□g/cm² F9 2.0 wt % 10□1 364□g/cm² F10 1.0 wt % 10□1182□g/cm² F11 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F12 1.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² F131.0 wt % 10□1 182□g/cm² *repeat analysis

Sampling of Receptor Fluid: At 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours, 300 μL samplealiquots were drawn from the receptor wells using a graduated Hamiltontype injector syringe. Fresh receptor medium was added to replace the300 μL sample aliquot.

Tape Stripping and Heat Splitting: At 24 hours, the skin was wiped cleanusing PBS/ethanol soaked KimWipes. After the residual formulation waswiped off and the skin dried with KimWipes, the stratum corneum was tapestripped three times—each tape stripping consisting of applyingcellophane tape to the skin with uniform pressure and peeling the tapeoff. The tape strips were collected and frozen for future analysis. Thefirst three tape strips remove the uppermost layer of the stratumcorneum and act as an extra skin cleaning step. The active is typicallynot considered fully absorbed in this area. These tape strips areusually only analyzed for a mass balance assay. After the skin was tapestripped, the epidermis of each piece was then separated from theunderlying dermal tissue using tweezers or a spatula. The epidermis anddermal tissue were collected and placed in 4 mL borosilicate glassvials. After all the skin pieces were separated, an aliquot of theextraction solvent was added to the glass vial. This process consistedof adding 2 mL of DMSO to the vial and incubating for 24 hours at 32° C.After the extraction time was over, 300 μL sample aliquots of theextraction fluid were collected and filtered.

Analysis of Samples: Sample aliquots were analyzed for paclitaxel usingthe analytical method as described above.

Results:

The results in Table 14 below show the delivered dose of paclitaxel(μg/cm²) in the receptor fluid at various time points (transdermal flux)and the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm²) delivered into theepidermis and dermis (penetration) after 24 hours elapsed time forformulations F1 through F13. FIG. 1 graphically shows the concentrationof paclitaxel (μg/cm²) delivered into the epidermis for formulas F1through F7. FIG. 2 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel(μg/cm²) delivered into the epidermis for formulas F6*(repeat analysis)and F8 through F13. FIG. 3 graphically shows the concentration ofpaclitaxel (μg/cm2) delivered into the dermis for formulas F1 throughF7. FIG. 4 graphically shows the concentration of paclitaxel (μg/cm2)delivered into the dermis for formulas F6*(repeat analysis) and F8through F13.

Note: Formulas F1 through F6 were tested in one in vitro study, andformulas F6* and F8 through F13 were tested in a second separate invitro study, with different cadaver skin lots. Analysis of formula F6was repeated in the second study (and notated as F6*) so that it couldbe evaluated and compared with the other formulas in the second study.

TABLE 14 Paclitaxel Delivered Dose (μg/cm²) Receptor Receptor ReceptorReceptor For- Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Epi- mula 3 hrs 6 hrs 12 hrs 24hrs dermis Dermis F1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.202 0.030 F2 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.161 0.042 F3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.056 0.138 F4 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.690 0.639 F5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.780 1.337 F60.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.927 2.088 F7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.6330.882 F6* 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.910 1.508 F8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0003.155 1.296 F9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.010 5.679 F10 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 5.470 0.494 F11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.262 1.098 F12 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 5.269 1.571 F13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.903 0.548*repeat analysis

As can be seen by the results in Table 14, the transdermal flux of thepaclitaxel through the skin (epidermis and dermis) was none or only anegligible amount, i.e., less than 0.01 μg/cm². As can be seen by theresults in Table 14 and FIGS. 1, 2, 3 & 4, the penetration of paclitaxelinto the skin (epidermis and dermis) was far greater with the anhydroushydrophobic formulations (F4 through F13) than with the aqueousformulations (F1 through F3), even though the aqueous formulationscontained the skin penetration enhancer DGME (TRANSCUTOL P). The resultsalso show that the anhydrous hydrophobic formulations withcyclomethicone exhibited greater skin penetration (epidermis and dermis)over the anhydrous hydrophobic formulations without cyclomethicone.Additionally, the results show that the addition of other skinpenetration enhancers to the anhydrous hydrophobic formulationscontaining cyclomethicone had little or no effect on the skinpenetration (epidermis and dermis) of these compositions.

Example 10—Formulations for CIN and Cervical Cancer Studies

The following ointment formulations shown in Table 15 were prepared foruse in CIN and cervical cancer studies.

TABLE 15 Formula No. F14 F15 F16 F17 Component (% w/w) (0.15%) (0.3%)(1%) (2%) Paclitaxel Nanoparticles 0.15 0.3 1.0 2.0 Mineral Oil USP 5.05.0 5.0 5.0 ST-Cyclomethicone 5 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 NF (Dow Corning)Paraffin Wax NF 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 White Petrolatum qs ad 100 qs ad 100 qsad 100 qs ad 100 USP (Spectrum)

The formulas listed in Table 15 containing paclitaxel nanoparticles weremanufactured each in a 6 kg batch size. The formulas were then packagedin 15 gm laminate tubes.

The manufacturing processes for lots F14, F15, and F16 were as follows:The petrolatum, mineral oil, paraffin wax, and a portion of thecyclomethicone were added to a vessel and heated to 52±3° C. whilemixing with a propeller mixer until melted and homogeneous. Thepaclitaxel nanoparticles were added to a vessel containing anotherportion of cyclomethicone and first mixed with a spatula to wet thenanoparticles, then mixed with an IKA Ultra Turrax Homogenizer with aS25-25G dispersing tool until a homogeneous slurry is obtained whilekeeping the container in an ice/water bath. The slurry was then added tothe petrolatum/paraffin wax container while mixing with the propellermixer followed by rinsing with the remaining portion of cyclomethiconeand mixed until the batch was visually homogeneous while at 52±3° C. Thebatch was then homogenized using a Silverson homogenizer. Afterward, thebatch was mixed with a propeller mixer until a homogeneous ointment wasformed and the batch cooled to 35° C. or below.

The manufacturing process for lot F17 was as follows: The petrolatum andparaffin wax were added to a vessel and heated to 52±3° C. while mixingwith a propeller mixer until melted and homogeneous. The paclitaxelnanoparticles were added to a vessel containing the cyclomethicone and aportion of mineral oil, and first mixed with a spatula to wet thenanoparticles, then mixed with an IKA Ultra Turrax Homogenizer with aS25-25G dispersing tool until a homogeneous slurry is obtained whilekeeping the container in an ice/water bath. The slurry was then added tothe petrolatum/paraffin wax container while mixing with the propellermixer followed by rinsing with the remaining portion of mineral oil andmixed until the batch was visually homogeneous while at 52±3° C. Thebatch was then homogenized using a Silverson homogenizer. Afterward, thebatch was mixed with a propeller mixer until a homogeneous ointment wasformed and the batch cooled to 35° C. or below.

The chemical and physical analytical results for each formula in Table15 are shown in Tables 16-19 for T=0, 1 month, and 3 months at 25° C.

TABLE 16 Formula No. F14 (0.15% ) Test T = 0 1 month 3 month Appearance(note1) conforms conforms conforms Assay, % target 103.4 103.2 101.1Viscosity (note 2) 131000 cps 147000 cps 159500 cps Mean Particle Size(number) 0.71 μm 0.70 μm 0.70 μm Note 1: Off-white to yellow ointmentNote 2: Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds.

TABLE 17 Formula No. F15 (0.3%) Test T = 0 1 month 3 month Appearance(note1) conforms conforms conforms Assay, % target 101.2 101.9 102.5Viscosity (note 2) 195500 cps 154000 cps 153500 cps Mean Particle Size(number) 0.72 μm 0.71 μm 0.70 μm Note 1: Off-white to yellow ointmentNote 2: Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds.

TABLE 18 Formula No. F16 (1%) Test T = 0 1 month 3 month Appearance(note1) conforms conforms conforms Assay, % target 102.1 102.2 102.7Viscosity (note 2) 205000 cps 218000 cps 180000 cps Mean Particle Size(number) 0.70 μm 0.70 μm 0.70 μm Note 1: Off-white to yellow ointmentNote 2: Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds.

TABLE 19 Formula No. F17 (2%) Test T = 0 1 month 3 month Appearance(note1) conforms conforms conforms Assay, % target 101.7 101.1 105.0Viscosity (note 2) 158000 cps 177000 cps 162000 cps Mean Particle Size(number) 0.70 μm 0.69 μm 0.69 μm Note 1: Off-white to yellow ointmentNote 2: Brookfield RV viscometer on a helipath stand with the helipathon, with a T-E spindle at 10 RPM at room temperature for 45 seconds.

Example 11—Dose-Rising, Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study forCervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

The topical formulations in Table 15 are to be used in a Phase IIdose-rising, safety study for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)in humans. The study will compare the safety and efficacy of the 4formulations from Table 15: F14 (0.15%), F15 (0.3%), F16 (1.0%), and F17(2.0%) applied topically to the ectocervix of subjects with CIN. Acervical cap may or may not be used to maintain localization of theformulations to the cervix for at least 7 days, and up to 14 days.Subjects with biopsy proven CIN 2 or 3 scheduled for removal of CIN willbe enrolled in four dose-escalating cohorts of 3 subjects assignedconsecutively as follows: Cohort 1: 3 subjects with F14 (0.15%); Cohort2: 3 subjects with F15 (0.3%); Cohort 3: 3 subjects with F16 (1.0%);Cohort 4: 3 subjects with F17 (2.0%). Up to 1 ml of the formulationswill be applied topically to the ectocervix on Day 1 as a singletreatment. During the follow-up period, subjects will return to theclinic 8, 15, and 28 days after treatment, at which point the subjectwill exit the study. At the final study visit (28 days after treatment)subjects will undergo an excision or punch biopsy to record the stage ofCIN. PK samples will be obtained on Day 1 at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hourspost-injection, and at each clinic visit thereafter. The Medical Monitorwill review all available data prior to dose escalation. Dose-escalationof the formulations will be determined by the Medical Monitor. This willbe repeated for each escalated dose until all dose levels have beenenrolled or a dose is determined unsafe.

Safety will be assessed in an ongoing manner and formal safety reviewswill be conducted twice for each cohort: after Day 15 and after Day 28of the last subject in the cohort. The next dose level cohort willenroll upon a finding of safety and tolerability at the previouscohort's first safety review. If a safety and tolerability issue becomesapparent in a cohort, an additional three subjects will be enrolled atthat dose-level, for a maximum of six subjects in that cohort. If ≥1 ofthe same safety and tolerability issue recurs in the additional 3subjects, the prior dose-level will be determined to be the highest dosewith an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. If no further safetyand tolerability issues are identified in the expanded cohort,dose-escalation will continue. Once the highest dose with an acceptablesafety and tolerability profile has been determined by the MedicalMonitor, PI, and Sponsor Medical Director, a further 3 subjects will beenrolled to that dose level in order to increase the subject numbers.The study will be stopped after these final 3 subjects.

Efficacy will be assessed as the change in CIN status between theinitial diagnostic biopsy performed prior to enrollment in the study,and the CIN status from an excisional or punch biopsy obtained 28 daysafter the single application of the formulation.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety andtolerability of the topical formulations applied to the ectocervix insubjects with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) as assessed byTreatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), vital signs, laboratoryresults, and physical examination. Secondary objectives are (a) todescribe the pharmacokinetics of the topical formulations applied to theectocervix, and (b) to obtain preliminary information on the efficacy ofthe topical formulations applied to CIN defined by regression orclearance of CIN, and by colposcopic changes as defined by the modifiedReid Colposcopic Index (RCI).

The population of the study will be a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 24eligible subjects across two sites with CIN 2 or 3 confirmed byhistology.

The primary endpoint will be safety and tolerability, as assessed byadverse events, changes in vital signs, laboratory results, and physicalexamination. The secondary endpoints will be PK parameters andpreliminary efficacy of the topical formulations applied to theectocervix, as defined by: (a) change in grade of CIN lesion asdetermined by biopsy; (b) change in the modified Reid Colposcopic Index(RCI) between baseline (Day 1), and Day 28; (c) reduction in size of theCIN lesions, measured as a reduction of the longest diameter of thelesion, or sum of longest diameters of the lesions; and (d) proportionof subjects defined as Complete Responders (CR) and Partial Responders(PR) to the formulations at Day 28 (see Table 20 below). The criteriafor classification of CIN is as follows:

CIN 1: Mild dysplasia or mild dyskaryosis. Good maturation of cellsthrough the depth of the cervical epithelium, with minimal nuclearabnormalities and few mitotic figures. Undifferentiated cells areconfined to the deeper/lower third of the epithelium. Mitotic figuresare not very numerous. Cytopathic changes due to HPV infection may beobserved in the full thickness of the epithelium.CIN 2: Moderate dysplasia or moderate dyskaryosis. Dysplastic changesmostly restricted to the lower half or two-thirds of the epithelium,with more marked nuclear abnormalities than CIN 1. Mitotic figures areseen through the lower half of the epithelium.CIN 3: Severe dysplasia or severe dyskaryosis. Differentiation andstratification may be totally absent or present only in the superficialquarter of the epithelium with numerous mitotic figures. Nuclearabnormalities extend throughout the thickness of the epithelium. Manymitotic figures have abnormal forms.

The Clinical Response is defined by changes in CIN between baseline and28 days. Baseline is defined as the CIN classification obtained bybiopsy within 2 weeks prior to entry into the study, and within 4 weeksprior to administration of the formulations. The Clinical Response asdefined by Histological Response is shown in Table 20.

TABLE 20 Clinical Response Histological Response Stable Disease (SD) Nochange. Partial Response (PR) CIN 3 to CIN 1 or within normal limits(WNL). CIN 2 to CIN 1 or within normal limits (WNL). Complete Response(CR) CIN 3 or CIN 2 to within normal limits (WNL). Progressive Disease(PD) CIN 2 to CIN 3, CIS, microinvasion, invasion, or increased lesionsize with stable disease (SD).

The proportion of subjects who respond to the formulations will becompared to non-responders. A “Responder” is defined as a CR or PR. Anon-responder is defined as SD or PD.

The modified Reid Colposcopic Index (RCI) is a colposcopic gradingsystem that will be used to grade cervical epithelium at all studyvisits. The system applies 0-2 points to four colposcopic signs: color,lesion margin and surface configuration, vessels, and iodine staining. Achange in the overall RCI score on days 8, 15 and 28 will be compared tobaseline. Baseline is defined as the average RCI score of colposcopyfindings determined at the screening visit and the treatment visit (Day1). The criteria for the modified Reid Colposcopic Index is shown inTable 21.

TABLE 21 Colposcopic signs Zero point One point Two points ColorLow-intensity Intermediate Dull, opaque, acetowhitening shade- oyster(not completely grey/white white; grey opaque); color indistinct andshiny acetowhitening; surface transparent or (most translucent lesionsacetowhitening. should Acetowhitening be scored beyond the in thismargin of the category) transformation zone. Pure snow-white color withintense surface shine Lesion Microcondylomatous Regular- Rolled, peelingmargin and or micropapillary shaped, edges. surface contour. symmetricalInternal configuration Flat lesions lesions with demarcations withindistinct smooth, between areas margins. straight of differingFeathered or finely outlines colposcopic scalloped margins, appearance-aAngular, central area of jagged lesions. high-grade Satellite lesionschange and beyond the peripheral margin of the area of low-transformation grade change zone Vessels Fine/uniform- Absent Welldefined calibre vessels- vessels coarse closely and punctation uniformlyplaced. or mosaic, Poorly formed sharply patterns of fine demarcated-andpunctation randomly and and/or mosaic. widely Vessels beyond placed themargin of the transformation zone. Fine vessels withinmicrocondylomatous or micropapillary lesions Iodine Positive iodinePartial Negative iodine staining uptake giving iodine uptake ofmahogany-brown uptake- significant color. variegated, lesion, i.e.,Negative uptake speckled yellow staining of insignificant appearance bya lesion, i.e., yellow lesion already staining by a scoring lesionscoring four points or three points or more on the less on the firstfirst three criteria three criteria, Areas beyond the margin of thetransformation zone, conspicuous on colposcopy, evident as iodine-negative areas (such areas are frequently due to parakeratosis)

Photographs of all target CIN lesions will be taken at all visits. Thesephotographs will be reviewed at the end of the study for efficacy andlocal toxicity.

Example 12—Dose-Rising, Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study forCervical Cancer

The topical formulations in Table 15 are to be used in a Phase IIdose-rising, safety study for cervical cancer in humans. The study willcompare the safety and efficacy of the 4 formulations from Table 15: F14(0.15%), F15 (0.3%), F16 (1.0%), and F17 (2.0%) applied topically to theectocervix and endocervical canal of subjects with cervical cancer. Acervical cap may or may not be used to maintain localization of theformulations to the cervix for at least 7 days, and up to 14 days.Subjects with biopsy proven cervical cancer scheduled for totalabdominal hysterectomy and bilateral lymph node dissection will beenrolled in four dose-escalating cohorts of 3 subjects assignedconsecutively as follows: Cohort 1: 3 subjects with F14 (0.15%); Cohort2: 3 subjects with F15 (0.3%); Cohort 3: 3 subjects with F16 (1.0%);Cohort 4: 3 subjects with F17 (2.0%). Up to 1 ml of the formulationswill be applied topically to the ectocervix and endocervical canal onDay 1 as a single treatment. During the follow-up period, subjects willreturn to the clinic 8, 15, and 28 days after treatment, at which pointthe subject will undergo total abdominal hysterectomy and bilaterallymph node dissection and exit the study. PK samples will be obtained onDay 1 at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-injection, and at each clinicvisit thereafter. The Medical Monitor will review all available dataprior to dose escalation. Dose-escalation of the formulations will bedetermined by the Medical Monitor. This will be repeated for eachescalated dose until all dose levels have been enrolled or a dose isdetermined unsafe.

Safety will be assessed in an ongoing manner and formal safety reviewswill be conducted twice for each cohort: after Day 15 and after Day 28of the last subject in the cohort. The next dose level cohort willenroll upon a finding of safety and tolerability at the previouscohort's first safety review. If a safety and tolerability issue becomesapparent in a cohort, an additional three subjects will be enrolled atthat dose-level, for a maximum of six subjects in that cohort. If ≥1 ofthe same safety and tolerability issue recurs in the additional 3subjects, the prior dose-level will be determined to be the highest dosewith an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. If no further safetyand tolerability issues are identified in the expanded cohort,dose-escalation will continue. Once the highest dose with an acceptablesafety and tolerability profile has been determined by the MedicalMonitor, PI, and Sponsor Medical Director, a further 3 subjects will beenrolled to that dose level in order to increase the subject numbers.The study will be stopped after these final 3 subjects.

Efficacy will be assessed as the change in cervical cancer statusbetween the initial diagnostic biopsy performed prior to enrollment inthe study, and the pathologic evaluation of the cervix afterhysterectomy (28 days after the single application of the formulation).

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety andtolerability of the topical formulations applied to the ectocervix andendocervical canal in subjects with cervical cancer as assessed byTreatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), vital signs, laboratoryresults, and physical examination. Secondary objectives are (a) todescribe the pharmacokinetics of the topical formulations applied to theectocervix and endocervical canal, (b) to determine the effect of thetopical formulations on the pelvic lymph nodes and (c) to obtainpreliminary information on the efficacy of the topical formulationsapplied to cervical cancer.

The population of the study will be a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 24eligible subjects across two sites with cervical cancer confirmed byhistology.

The primary endpoint will be safety and tolerability, as assessed byadverse events, changes in vital signs, laboratory results, and physicalexamination. The secondary endpoints will be (a) PK parameters; (b)change in presence of cancer as determined by basement membraneevaluation seen on biopsy; (c) presence or absence of tumor cells inpelvic lymph nodes at the time of hysterectomy; (d) presence or absenceof paclitaxel in pelvic lymph nodes at the time of hysterectomy and (d)proportion of subjects defined as Complete Responders (CR) and PartialResponders (PR) to the formulations at Day 28 (clinical response isdefined by presence or absence of cervical cancer at the time ofhysterectomy).

Example 13—Dermal Toxicity Study

A dermal toxicity study was conducted using the formulations shown inTable 22.

TABLE 22 Formula No. F18 (0.0%) Component (% w/w) Placebo F19 (0.3%) F20(1%) F21 (3%) Paclitaxel Nanoparticles 0.0 0.3 1.0 3.0 Mineral Oil USP5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ST-Cyclomethicone 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 5 NF (Dow Corning)Paraffin Wax NF 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 White Petrolatum qs ad 100 qs ad 100 qsad 100 qs ad 100 USP (Spectrum)

The GLP-compliant study was conducted in Gottingen minipigs tocharacterize the toxicity of the formulations applied topically to 10%body surface area daily for 28 days. The 4 formulations shown in Table22 were applied at the maximal feasible volume of 2 mL/kg, correlatingto dose concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3%, which translate to doselevels of 0, 4.9, 16.5, and 49.9 mg/kg/day respectively. Reversibilityof findings was also evaluated following a 2-week recovery period.Parameters evaluated included clinical observations, mortality andmoribundity checks, dermal scoring, body weight, food consumption, eyeexaminations, test site photographs, electrocardiology, clinicalpathology, bioanalysis and toxicokinetic evaluation, organ weights,macroscopic pathology and histopathology. There were noformulation-related effects on survival, clinical signs, dermalirritation, body weights, body weight gains, food consumption,ophthalmic findings, or cardiology parameters. Minimal dermal irritationwas observed in all groups during the dosing phase and was consideredvehicle or procedurally related as the frequency and severity of thefindings were comparable between the placebo controls and activeformulation-treated groups. Thus, the presence of the paclitaxelnanoparticles in the formulations had a negligible effect on dermalirritation.

1.-69. (canceled)
 70. A method of treating cervical intraepithelialneoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer in a subject in need of treatment,the method comprising topically administering to an affected area of thesubject a composition comprising a plurality of taxane nanoparticles,thereby treating the CIN or the cervical cancer.
 71. The method of claim70, wherein the taxane nanoparticles have a mean particle size (number)from 0.1 microns to 1.5 microns.
 72. The method of claim 70, wherein thecomposition comprises 0.1% w/w to 5% w/w of the plurality of the taxanenanoparticles.
 73. The method of claim 70, wherein the taxanenanoparticles are suspended within the composition.
 74. The method ofclaim 70, wherein the taxane nanoparticles are uncoated (neat)individual particles that are not bound to or conjugated to anysubstance.
 75. The method of claim 70, wherein the taxane nanoparticlesare paclitaxel nanoparticles or docetaxel nanoparticles.
 76. The methodof claim 75, wherein the paclitaxel nanoparticles or docetaxelnanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m²/g.77. The method of claim 75, wherein the taxane nanoparticles arepaclitaxel nanoparticles.
 78. The method of claim 77, wherein thepaclitaxel nanoparticles have a specific surface area (SSA) of 18 m²/gto 50 m²/g.
 79. The method of claim 77, wherein the paclitaxelnanoparticles contain not less than 90% paclitaxel.
 80. The method ofclaim 70, wherein the composition is an anhydrous composition.
 81. Themethod of claim 70, wherein the composition is a hydrophobiccomposition.
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the hydrophobiccomposition comprises a hydrophobic carrier.
 83. The method of claim 82,wherein the hydrophobic carrier comprises petrolatum, mineral oil, orparaffin was, or mixtures thereof.
 84. The method of claim 82, whereinthe hydrophobic carrier is greater than 50% w/w of the composition. 85.The method of claim 81, wherein the hydrophobic composition comprisesone or more volatile silicone fluids.
 86. The method of claim 85,wherein the concentration of the one or more volatile silicone fluids isfrom 5 to 24% w/w of the composition.
 87. The method of claim 85,wherein the one or more volatile silicone fluids is cyclomethicone. 88.The method of claim 70, wherein the subject has CIN, and wherein the CINis treated.
 89. The method of claim 70, wherein the subject has cervicalcancer, and wherein the cervical cancer is treated.
 90. A method ofenhancing penetration of taxane nanoparticles into a cervicalintraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer of a subject, themethod comprising topically applying to the affected area a hydrophobiccomposition comprising a continuous hydrophobic carrier, one or morevolatile silicone fluids, and a plurality of taxane nanoparticles.